Umhlaba onqabileyo,eyaziwa ngokuba yi "treasure trove" yezinto ezintsha, njengento ekhethekileyo yokusebenza, inokuphucula kakhulu umgangatho kunye nokusebenza kwezinye iimveliso, kwaye ziyaziwa ngokuba "iivithamini" zoshishino lwanamhlanje.Azisetyenziswa nje ngokubanzi kumashishini emveli anje ngesinyithi, iikhemikhali zepetroli, iiseramikhi zeglasi, ukuphotha uboya, ufele, kunye nezolimo, kodwa zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwizinto ezifana ne-fluorescence, umazibuthe, i-laser, unxibelelwano lwefiber optic, amandla okugcina i-hydrogen, i-superconductivity, njl. njl. Ichaphazela ngqo isantya kunye nenqanaba lophuhliso lwamashishini asakhasayo obuchwepheshe obuphezulu njengezixhobo zamehlo, i-electronics, i-aerospace, kunye noshishino lwenyukliya.Ezi teknoloji zisetyenziswe ngempumelelo kubuchwepheshe bezomkhosi, ukukhuthaza kakhulu ukuphuhliswa kobugcisa bezomkhosi bale mihla.
Indima ekhethekileyo edlalwe nguumhlaba onqabileyoizinto ezintsha kubugcisa bomkhosi bale mihla iye yatsala ingqalelo ephezulu koorhulumente kunye neengcali zamazwe ahlukeneyo, njengokudweliswa njengeyona nto iphambili kuphuhliso lwamashishini obugcisa obuphezulu kunye nobugcisa bezomkhosi ngamasebe afanelekileyo kumazwe anjengeUnited States neJapan.
Intshayelelo emfutshane yeUmhlaba onqabileyos kunye nobudlelwane babo noMkhosi kunye noKhuseleko lweSizwe
Ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo, zonke izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zinezicelo ezithile zomkhosi, kodwa eyona ndima ibalulekileyo abayidlalayo kukhuselo lwelizwe kunye namabala omkhosi kufuneka ibe kwizicelo ezinje ngelaser, isikhokelo selaser, kunye nonxibelelwano lwelaser.
Ukusetyenziswa kweumhlaba onqabileyointsimbi kunyeumhlaba onqabileyointsimbi ye-ductile kwiteknoloji yomkhosi yanamhlanje
1.1 Ukusetyenziswa kweUmhlaba onqabileyoIntsimbi kwiTekhnoloji yoMkhosi yanamhlanje
Umsebenzi uquka iinkalo ezimbini: ukuhlanjululwa kunye nokuxutywa kwe-alloying, ngokuyinhloko i-desulfurization, i-deoxidation, kunye nokususwa kwegesi, ukuphelisa impembelelo yokungcola okuncinci okuncibilikayo okunobungozi, ukucocwa okuziinkozo kunye nesakhiwo, esichaphazela indawo yokuguquka kwetsimbi, kunye nokuphucula ukuqina kwayo kunye neempawu zomatshini.Abasebenzi besayensi yomkhosi kunye nethekhnoloji baphuhlise izixhobo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezilungele ukusetyenziswa kwizixhobo ngokusebenzisa iipropatiumhlaba onqabileyo.
1.1.1 Intsimbi yesikrweqe
Kwasebutsheni beminyaka yee-1960s, ishishini lezixhobo laseTshayina laqala ukuphanda ngokusetyenziswa komhlaba onqabileyo kwintsimbi yesikrweqe kunye nentsimbi yompu, yaze yaveliswa ngokulandelelanayo.umhlaba onqabileyoisikrweqe intsimbi ezifana 601, 603, yaye 623, ekungeniseni ixesha elitsha izinto eziphambili ekrwada imveliso itanki e China esekelwe kwimveliso yasekhaya.
1.1.2Umhlaba onqabileyocarbon steel
Phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1960, i-China yongeza i-0.05%umhlaba onqabileyoizinto ezithile ezikumgangatho ophezulu carbon steel ukuvelisaumhlaba onqabileyocarbon steel.Ixabiso lempembelelo esecaleni yale ntsimbi enqabileyo yomhlaba yonyuka nge-70% ukuya kwi-100% xa kuthelekiswa nentsimbi yentsimbi yokuqala, kwaye ixabiso lempembelelo kwi -40 ℃ liphantse liphindwe kabini.Icala le-cartridge ye-diameter-diameter eyenziwe yale ntsimbi ibonakaliswe ngokuvavanywa kokudubula kwinqanaba lokudubula ukuhlangabezana ngokupheleleyo neemfuno zobugcisa.Okwangoku, i-China iye yagqiba kwaye yayifaka kwimveliso, iqonda umnqweno wexesha elide we-China wokutshintsha ubhedu ngentsimbi kwizinto zekhatriji.
1.1.3 Umhlaba onqabileyo wentsimbi yemanganese ephezulu kunye nentsimbi enqabileyo yomhlaba
Umhlaba onqabileyohigh manganese intsimbi isetyenziselwa ukwenza iipleyiti track track itanki, lo gamaumhlaba onqabileyointsimbi ephosiweyo isetyenziselwa ukwenza amaphiko omsila, iziqhoboshi zomlomo, kunye nezixhobo zezakhiwo ze-artillery zamaqokobhe esantya esiphezulu.Oku kunokunciphisa amanyathelo okucubungula, ukuphucula ukusetyenziswa kwensimbi, kunye nokufezekisa izikhombisi zobuchule kunye nezobugcisa.
1.2 Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Rare Earth Nodular Cast iron kwiTekhnoloji yoMkhosi yale mihla
Ngaphambili, izinto zeprojectile zegumbi laseChina zazenziwe ngentsimbi eyomeleleyo esenziwe ngentsimbi yehagu ekumgangatho ophezulu exutywe ne-30% ukuya kwi-40% yentsimbi ye-scrap.Ngenxa yamandla ayo aphantsi, ukonakala okuphezulu, ukuqhekeka okuphantsi nokungabukhali okusebenzayo emva kogqabhuko-dubulo, kunye namandla okubulala abuthathaka, uphuhliso lwemizimba yeprojectile yegumbi langaphambili lwalukhe lwathintelwa.Ukusukela ngo-1963, iicaliber ezahlukeneyo zamaqokobhe odaka zenziwe kusetyenziswa intsimbi enqabileyo yomhlaba, eye yandisa iipropathi zabo zoomatshini ngamaxesha angama-1-2, yaphindaphinda inani lamaqhekeza asebenzayo, kwaye yalola imiphetho yamaqhekeza, ikhulisa kakhulu amandla abo okubulala.Iqokobhe lokulwa lohlobo oluthile lweqokobhe le-cannon kunye negobolondo lompu owenziwe ngolu hlobo kwilizwe lethu linenani elingcono kancinane lokuqhekeka kunye neradiyasi eshinyeneyo yokubulala kuneqokobhe lentsimbi.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-non-ferrousingxubevange yomhlaba enqabileyoezifana ne-magnesium kunye ne-aluminiyam kubuchwephesha bomkhosi bale mihla
Umhlaba onqabileyozinomsebenzi ophezulu wekhemikhali kunye neradiya enkulu yeathom.Xa zongezwa kwiinsimbi ezingenayo i-ferrous kunye ne-alloys yazo, ziyakwazi ukucokisa ubungakanani beengqolowa, zithintele ulwahlulo, zisuse igesi, ukungcola kunye nokucoca, kunye nokuphucula isakhiwo se-metallographic, ngaloo ndlela kufezekiswa iinjongo ezibanzi ezifana nokuphucula iimpawu zoomatshini, iipropati zomzimba, kunye nokusebenza kokucubungula.Abasebenzi basekhaya nabangaphandle basebenzise iipropathi zeimihlaba enqabileyoukuphuhlisa entshaumhlaba onqabileyoi-magnesium alloys, i-aluminium alloys, i-titanium alloys, kunye ne-alloys ephezulu yobushushu.Ezi mveliso zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi kubuchwepheshe bale mihla bomkhosi obufana neejethi zokulwa, iinqwelomoya ezihlaselayo, iihelikopta, izithuthi zasemoyeni ezingenamntu, kunye neesathelayithi ezijulwayo.
2.1Umhlaba onqabileyoingxubevange ye-magnesium
Umhlaba onqabileyoi-magnesium alloys inamandla athile aphezulu, inokunciphisa ubunzima benqwelomoya, iphucule ukusebenza kobuchule, kwaye ibe nethemba elibanzi losetyenziso.Iumhlaba onqabileyoingxubevange ye-magnesium ephuhliswe yi-China Aviation Industry Corporation (emva koku ebizwa ngokuba yi-AVIC) ibandakanya malunga nama-10 amabakala e-magnesium alloys kunye ne-magnesium alloys ekhubazekileyo, uninzi lwazo oluye lwasetyenziswa kwimveliso kwaye lunomgangatho ozinzile.Umzekelo, i-ZM 6 iphose ingxubevange ye-magnesium ene-neodymium yesinyithi yomhlaba enqabileyo njengesona songezo esiphambili sandisiwe ukuze sisetyenziswe kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo ezifana neekheseji zokucutha ngasemva kwehelikopta, iimbambo zamaphiko okulwa, kunye neepleyiti zoxinzelelo lwerotor kwi-30 kW generator.Umhlaba onqabileyo we-magnesium ialloy ephezulu yokuqina kwe-BM25 ephuhliswe ngokudibeneyo yi-China Aviation Corporation kunye ne-Nonferrous Metals Corporation ithathe indawo yealloyi ze-aluminiyam yamandla aphakathi kwaye iye yasetyenziswa kwinqwelomoya enefuthe.
2.2Umhlaba onqabileyoingxubevange titanium
Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1970, iBeijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials (ekubhekiselwa kuyo njengeZiko) yathatha indawo yealuminiyam kunye nesilicon.intsimbi yomhlaba enqabileyo i-cerium (Ce) kwi-Ti-A1-Mo titanium alloys, ukunciphisa imvula yezigaba ezinqabileyo kunye nokuphucula ukuxhathisa ubushushu be-alloy kunye nokuzinza kwe-thermal.Ngesi siseko, i-high-performance cast cast high-temperature titanium alloy ZT3 equlethe i-cerium yaphuhliswa.Xa kuthelekiswa ne-alloys efanayo yamazwe ngamazwe, ineenzuzo ezithile ekuxhathiseni ukushisa, amandla, kunye nokusebenza kwenkqubo.I-compressor casing eyenziwe ngayo isetyenziselwa injini ye-W PI3 II, ukunciphisa ubunzima benqwelomoya nganye ngama-39 kg kunye nokwandisa umlinganiselo we-thrust to weight ratio nge-1.5%.Ukongeza, amanyathelo okucubungula ancitshiswa malunga ne-30%, ukufikelela kwiinzuzo ezibalulekileyo zobugcisa kunye nezoqoqosho, ukugcwalisa isithuba sokusebenzisa i-titanium casings kwiinjini ze-aviation e-China phantsi kweemeko ze-500 ℃.Uphando lubonise ukuba zincincii-cerium oxideamasuntswana kwi-microstructure ye-ZT3 alloy equlethei-cerium.Ceriumidibanisa inxalenye ye-oksijini kwi-alloy ukwenza i-refractory kunye nobunzima obuphezuluioksidi yomhlaba enqabileyoizinto eziphathekayo, Ce2O3.Ezi ngqungquthela zithintela ukuhamba kwe-dislocation ngexesha lokuguqulwa kwe-alloy, ukuphucula ukusebenza kobushushu obuphezulu be-alloy.Ceriumibamba ukungcola kwegesi (ngokukodwa kwimida yengqolowa), enokomeleza i-alloy ngelixa igcina uzinzo oluhle lwe-thermal.Eli linyathelo lokuqala lokusebenzisa ithiyori yokuqinisa inqaku le-solute ekugaleleni iialloyi zetitanium.Ukongeza, emva kweminyaka yophando, i-Aviation Materials Institute iye yaphuhlisa izinzile kwaye ayibizii-yttrium oxideisanti kunye nezixhobo zomgubo kwisisombululo se-titanium alloy echanekileyo inkqubo yokuphosa, usebenzisa iteknoloji ekhethekileyo yonyango lwe-mineralization.Ifumene amanqanaba alungileyo kumxhuzulane othile, ubulukhuni, kunye nozinzo kulwelo lwe-titanium.Ngokumalunga nokulungelelanisa kunye nokulawula ukusebenza kwe-shell slurry, ibonise ukuphakama okukhulu.Uncedo olubalaseleyo lokusebenzisa iqokobhe le-yttrium oxide ukwenza i-titanium castings kukuba, phantsi kweemeko apho umgangatho kunye nenqanaba lenkqubo ye-castings lithelekiseka naleyo yenkqubo ye-tungsten surface layer process, kunokwenzeka ukwenza ii-titanium alloy castings ezibhityileyo kunezo. yenkqubo yomaleko we-tungsten yomphezulu.Okwangoku, le nkqubo isetyenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni iinqwelo-moya ezahlukeneyo, iinjini, kunye nezinto ezenziwa ngabantu.
2.3Umhlaba onqabileyoingxubevange aluminiyam
I-HZL206 i-alloy ye-aluminium ekwazi ukumelana nobushushu equlethe imihlaba enqabileyo ephuhliswe yi-AVIC inomgangatho ophezulu ophezulu wokushisa kunye nobushushu begumbi iimpawu zomatshini xa kuthelekiswa ne-nickel equlethe i-alloys phesheya, kwaye ifikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu le-alloys efanayo phesheya.Ngoku isetyenziswa njengevalve yokumelana noxinzelelo lweehelikopta kunye neejethi zokulwa ezinobushushu obusebenzayo obuyi-300 ℃, ithatha indawo yentsimbi kunye ne-titanium alloys.Ukunciphisa ubunzima besakhiwo kwaye kufakwe kwimveliso yobuninzi.Ukomelela kweumhlaba onqabileyoi-aluminium silicon hypereutectic i-ZL117 ingxubevange kwi-200-300 ℃ iphezulu kunaleyo ye-West German piston alloys KS280 kunye ne-KS282.Ukumelana kwayo nokunxiba kumaxesha angama-4-5 aphezulu kunezo zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo i-piston alloys ZL108, kunye ne-coefficient encinci yokwandiswa komgca kunye nokuzinza okulungileyo kwe-dimensional.Isetyenziswe kwizixhobo zokubhabha i-KY-5, iicompressors zomoya ze-KY-7 kunye neepiston ze-injini ye-aviation.Ukongezwa kweumhlaba onqabileyoizinto ukuya aluminium alloys kakhulu iphucula microstructure kunye neempawu mechanical.Indlela yokusebenza kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kwi-aluminium alloys kukwenza ukusabalalisa okusasazekayo, kunye neengqungquthela ezincinci ze-aluminium zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqiniseni isigaba sesibini;Ukongezwa kweumhlaba onqabileyoizinto zidlala indima yokucoca kunye nokuhlanjululwa, ngaloo ndlela ukunciphisa inani le-pores kwi-alloy kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kwayo;Umhlaba onqabileyoiikhompawundi ze-aluminiyam, njenge-heterogeneous crystal nuclei yokucoca iinkozo kunye nezigaba ze-eutectic, zikwaluhlobo lwesilungisi;Izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zikhuthaza ukubunjwa kunye nokucokisa izigaba ezityebileyo zentsimbi, zinciphisa imiphumo yazo eyingozi.α-Isisombululo esiqinileyo isixa sentsimbi kwi-A1 siyancipha ngokunyuka kweumhlaba onqabileyoUkongeza, okuluncedo ekuphuculeni amandla kunye neplastiki.
Ukusetyenziswa kweumhlaba onqabileyoizinto zokutsha kubuchwepheshe bale mihla yomkhosi
3.1 Inyuluiintsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo
Unyuluiintsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, ngenxa yeempawu zabo zemichiza esebenzayo, zivame ukusabela ngeoksijini, isulfure, kunye nenitrogen ukuze zenze iikhompawundi ezizinzileyo.Xa ziphantsi kongquzulwano olukhulu kunye neempembelelo, iintlantsi zinokutshisa izinto ezinokutsha.Ke ngoko, kwangowe-1908, yenziwa ilitye lenyengane.Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba phakathi kwe-17umhlaba onqabileyoiziqalelo, izinto ezintandathu kuqukai-cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, ipraseodymium, samarium, kwayeiyttriumzisebenza kakuhle ngokutshisa.Abantu bajike iipropathi zokutshiswa kwe-rzizinyithi zomhlabakwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zezixhobo ezivuthayo, ezifana ne-US Mark 82 227 kg imijukujelwa, esebenzisaintsimbi yomhlaba enqabileyoi-lining, engavelisi kuphela iziphumo zokubulala eziqhumayo kodwa kunye neziphumo zokutshisa.I-rocket warhead yaseMelika i-"Damping Man" ixhotyiswe ngeentonga ezili-108 zentsimbi ezinqabileyo zomhlaba njengeentsimbi, ezithatha indawo yamaqhekeza esele zenziwe.Iimvavanyo eziqinileyo zoqhushumbo zibonise ukuba ukukwazi ukutshisa amafutha eenqwelomoya ngama-44% aphezulu kunalawo angafakwanga.
3.2 Ixutyiweintsimbi yomhlaba enqabileyos
Ngenxa yexabiso eliphezulu lokucocekaiintsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo,amazwe ahlukeneyo asebenzisa kakhulu indibaniselwano engabizi kakhuluintsimbi yomhlaba enqabileyos kwizixhobo ezivuthayo.Umdibanisointsimbi yomhlaba enqabileyoi-agent yokutsha ilayishwe kwiqokobhe lesinyithi phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu, kunye ne-arhente yokutshisa (1.9 ~ 2.1) × 103 kg / m3, isantya sokutshisa i-1.3-1.5 m / s, idangatye ububanzi malunga ne-500 mm, ubushushu belangatye buphezulu njengoko 1715-2000 ℃.Emva kokutshisa, ixesha lokufudumala komzimba we-incandescent lide kunemizuzu emi-5.Ngexesha leMfazwe yaseVietnam, umkhosi wase-US waphehlelela i-40mm ye-incendiary grenade usebenzisa isiqhushumbisi, kwaye umbane ovuthayo ngaphakathi wenziwa ngesinyithi esinqabileyo somhlaba.Emva kokuba i-projectile iqhuma, isiqwenga ngasinye esinomgca wokutshisa sinokutshisa ekujoliswe kuyo.Ngelo xesha, imveliso yenyanga yebhombu ifikelele kwi-200000 ngeenxa zonke, kunye nobuninzi be-260000.
3.3Umhlaba onqabileyoizinto zokutsha
Aumhlaba onqabileyoi-combustion alloy enobunzima obuyi-100 g ingenza iintlantsi ezingama-200-3000 ezinendawo enkulu yokugquma, elingana neradiyo yokubulala yokugqobhoza izixhobo kunye namaqokobhe okugqobhoza izixhobo.Ke ngoko, uphuhliso lwezixhobo ezininzi ezisebenza ngamandla okutsha luye lwaba yenye yeendlela eziphambili zophuhliso lweembumbulu ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe.Ukugqobhoza isikrweqe kunye namaqokobhe ezixhobo zokugqobhoza, ukusebenza kwabo ngobuchule kufuna ukuba emva kokugqobhoza isikrweqe setanki yotshaba, banako ukutshisa amafutha kunye nembumbulu ukutshabalalisa itanki ngokupheleleyo.Kwiziqhushumbisi, kuyafuneka ukuba kucinywe izixhobo zomkhosi kunye nezixhobo zobuchule phakathi koluhlu lwabo lokubulala.Kuxelwe ukuba ibhombu yeplastiki yentsimbi enqabileyo yomhlaba eyenziwe e-United States inomzimba owenziwe nge-fiberglass eyomeleziweyo yenayiloni kunye nomxube onqabileyo womhlaba we-alloy core, osetyenziselwa ukuba neziphumo ezingcono ngokuchasene neethagethi eziqulethe amafutha eenqwelomoya kunye nezinto ezifanayo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-4Umhlaba onqabileyoIzixhobo kuKhuseleko loMkhosi kunye neTekhnoloji yeNyukliya
4.1 Isicelo kwiTekhnoloji yoKhuseleko loMkhosi
Izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zineempawu zokumelana nemitha.Iziko leSizwe le-Neutron Cross Sections e-United States lisebenzise izixhobo zepolymer njenge-substrate kwaye lenza iindidi ezimbini zeepleyiti ezinobunzima be-10 mm kunye okanye ngaphandle kokongezwa kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zokuvavanya ukhuseleko lwemitha.Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba thermal neutron ekhusela isiphumoumhlaba onqabileyoiimathiriyeli polymer 5-6 amaxesha ngcono kunaleyo yeumhlaba onqabileyoizixhobo zepolymer zasimahla.Izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezineziqalelo ezongezelelweyo ezifanasamarium, ubuchopho, gadolinium, idysprosium, njl ibe nelona candelo liphezulu lokufunxa i-neutron kwaye libe nefuthe elihle ekubambeni iineutron.Okwangoku, usetyenziso oluphambili lwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezichasene nemitha kubuchwepheshe bomkhosi ziquka le miba ilandelayo.
4.1.1 Ukhuselo lwemitha yenyukliya
I-United States isebenzisa i-1% ye-boron kunye ne-5% yezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlabagadolinium, samarium, kwayelanthanumukwenza ikhonkrithi ekwaziyo ukumelana nemitha engama-600m ukuze ikhusele imithombo ye-neutron ye-fission kwiireactor zamadama okuqubha.IFransi iphuhlise izinto ezinqabileyo zokukhusela i-radiation yomhlaba ngokongeza iibhoridi,umhlaba onqabileyoiikhompawundi, okanyeialloys zomhlaba ezinqabileyokwigraphite njengenxalenye engaphantsi.Ukuzaliswa kwesi sikhuselo esidibeneyo sifunekayo ukuba sisasazwe ngokulinganayo kwaye senziwe kwiindawo ezikhethiweyo, ezibekwe malunga nomjelo we-reactor ngokweemfuno ezahlukeneyo zeendawo zokukhusela.
4.1.2 Ukhuselo lwetanki lobushushu bobushushu
Iqukethe imigangatho emine ye-veneer, kunye nobukhulu obupheleleyo be-5-20 cm.Umaleko wokuqala wenziwe ngeglasi yefiber yeplastiki eqinisiweyo, kunye nomgubo we-inorganic wongezwa nge-2%umhlaba onqabileyoiikhompawundi njengezihluzi zokuvala iinyutroni ezikhawulezayo kwaye zifunxe iineutron ezicothayo;Umaleko wesibini nowesithathu wongeza i-boron graphite, i-polystyrene, kunye nezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezibalelwa kwi-10% yexabiso lilonke lokuzalisa ukuya kwelokuqala ukuvala i-neutrons yamandla ephakathi kunye nokufunxa i-neutron ye-thermal;Umaleko wesine usebenzisa igraphite endaweni yefibre yeglasi, kwaye yongeza i-25%umhlaba onqabileyoiikhompawundi ukufunxa neutrons thermal.
4.1.3 Ezinye
Ukufaka isiceloumhlaba onqabileyoanti radiation ukwambathisa kwiitanki, iinqanawa, ikhusi, kunye nezinye izixhobo zomkhosi kunokuba nesiphumo anti radiation.
4.2 Usetyenziso kwiTekhnoloji yeNyukliya
Umhlaba onqabileyoi-yttrium oxideinokusetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokufunxa esivuthayo se-uranium kwizibaso zamanzi abilayo (BWRs).Phakathi kwazo zonke izinto,gadoliniuminamandla okufunxa i-neutron, malunga ne-4600 ekujoliswe kuyo kwi-atom nganye.Nganye yendalogadoliniumiathom ifunxa umndilili wee-neutron ezi-4 phambi kokusilela.Xa ixutywe neuranium enokuqhekeka,gadoliniuminokukhuthaza ukutsha, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweuranium, kunye nokunyusa ukuphuma kwamandla.I-Gadolinium oxideayivelisi i-byproduct deuterium eyingozi njenge-boron carbide, kwaye inokuhambelana ne-uranium fuel kunye nezinto zayo zokugquma ngexesha lokusabela kwenyukliya.Inzuzo yokusebenzisagadoliniumendaweni boron ukubagadoliniuminokuxutywa ngokuthe ngqo neuranium ukuthintela ukwanda kwentonga yamafutha enyukliya.Ngokweenkcukacha-manani, ngoku kukho izixhobo zenyukliya ezicetywayo ezili-149 ehlabathini lonke, apho i-115 lezixhobo zamanzi ezicinezelekileyo zisebenzisa umhlaba onqabileyo.i-gadolinium oxide. Umhlaba onqabileyosamarium, ubuchopho, kwayeidysprosiumzisetyenziswe njengezinto zokufunxa i-neutron kubafuyi be-neutron.Umhlaba onqabileyo iyttriuminomnqamlezo omncinci wokubamba kwi-neutron kwaye ingasetyenziswa njengesixhobo sombhobho wereactors yetyuwa enyibilikisiweyo.Iifoyile ezibhityileyo zongezweumhlaba onqabileyo gadoliniumkwayeidysprosiuminokusetyenziswa njengezixhobo ze-neutron kwi-aerospace kunye nobunjineli boshishino lwenyukliya, iimali ezincinci zeumhlaba onqabileyothuliumkwayeierbiumingasetyenziswa njengezixhobo ekujoliswe kuzo kwityhubhu etywiniweyo yeejenereyitha zeneutron, kunyeioksidi yomhlaba enqabileyoI-europium iron metal ceramics ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza iipleyiti zenkxaso yokulawula i-reactor ephuculweyo.Umhlaba onqabileyogadoliniumInokusetyenziswa njengesongezo sokugquma ukuthintela imitha ye-neutron, kunye nezithuthi ezixhobileyo ezigqunywe ngeengubo ezikhethekileyo eziqulathei-gadolinium oxideinokuthintela imitha ye-neutron.Umhlaba onqabileyo ytterbiumisetyenziswa kwisixhobo sokulinganisa i-geostress ebangelwa luqhushumbo lwenyukliya oluphantsi komhlaba.Niniindlebe enqabileyohytterbiumiphantsi kokunyanzeliswa, ukuchasana kuyanda, kwaye utshintsho lokumelana lunokusetyenziswa ukubala uxinzelelo oluphantsi kwayo.Ukudibanisaumhlaba onqabileyo gadoliniumifoyile efakwe ngokufaka umphunga kunye nokwaleka okugxadazayo kunye nesici esibuthathaka soxinzelelo sinokusetyenziselwa ukulinganisa uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwenyukliya.
5,Usetyenziso lweUmhlaba onqabileyoIzinto zeMagnet ezisisigxina kwiTekhnoloji yoMkhosi yanamhlanje
Iumhlaba onqabileyoimathiriyeli yemagnethi esisigxina, ebongwa njengesizukulwana esitsha sookumkani kazibuthe, ngoku yaziwa njengeyona nto iphezulu yokusebenza kwemagnethi imathiriyeli esisigxina.Ineepropati ezingaphezulu kwe-100 eziphezulu zemagneti kunentsimbi yemagnethi esetyenziswa kwizixhobo zomkhosi ngeminyaka yoo-1970.Okwangoku, iye yaba yinto ebalulekileyo kunxibelelwano lweteknoloji ye-elektroniki yale mihla, esetyenziswa kwiityhubhu ezihambayo kunye neesetyhula kwiisathelayithi zoMhlaba, iirada, kunye nezinye iindawo.Ngoko ke, inokubaluleka okubalulekileyo kwezomkhosi.
eSamariumImagnethi ye-cobalt kunye neemagnethi ze-iron boron ze-neodymium zisetyenziselwa umqa we-electron ogxile kwiinkqubo zesikhokelo somjukujelwa.Iimagnethi zezona zixhobo zokugxila kwimiqadi ye-electron kwaye zigqithise idatha kwindawo yolawulo lomjukujelwa.Kukho malunga neeponti ezi-5-10 (2.27-4.54 kg) zemagnethi kwisixhobo ngasinye esijolise kwisikhokelo somjukujelwa.Ukwengeza,umhlaba onqabileyoiimagnethi zikwasetyenziselwa ukuqhuba iimotor zombane kunye nokujikelezisa irudder yemijukujelwa ekhokelwayo.Izibonelelo zabo zilele kwiipropathi zabo ezinamandla zemagneti kunye nobunzima obukhaphukhaphu xa kuthelekiswa nemagnethi ye-nickel cobalt yokuqala ye-aluminium.
6 .Usetyenziso lweUmhlaba onqabileyoIzinto zeLaser kwiTekhnoloji yoMkhosi yanamhlanje
I-Laser luhlobo olutsha lomthombo wokukhanya one-monochromaticity elungileyo, isalathiso, kunye nokuhambelana, kwaye inokufikelela ukukhanya okuphezulu.Laser kunyeumhlaba onqabileyoizixhobo laser zazalwa ngaxeshanye.Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, malunga ne-90% yemathiriyeli yelaser ibandakanyaimihlaba enqabileyo.Umzekelo,iyttriumIkristale ye-aluminium garnet yilaser esetyenziswa ngokubanzi enokuthi ifikelele ekuphumeni kwamandla aphezulu ngokuqhubekayo kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi.Ukusetyenziswa kweelaser zombuso oqinileyo kumkhosi wanamhlanje kubandakanya le miba ilandelayo.
6.1 Uluhlu lwelaser
Ineodymiumidliweiyttriumialuminiyam garnet laser rangefinder ephuhliswe ngamazwe afana neMelika, iBritane, iFransi, kunye neJamani inokulinganisa imigama ukuya kuma-4000 ukuya kuma-20000 eemitha ngokuchaneka kweemitha ezi-5.Iinkqubo zezixhobo ezifana ne-American MI, iLeopard II yaseJamani, iLeclerc yaseFransi, iType 90 yaseJapan, iMecca yakwaSirayeli, kunye netanki yaseBritani ephuhliswe yiChallenger 2 yamva nje zisebenzisa olu hlobo lwelaser rangefinder.Okwangoku, amanye amazwe aphuhlisa isizukulwana esitsha se-laser eqinile yokhuseleko lwamehlo omntu, kunye noluhlu lwe-wavelength esebenzayo ye-1.5-2.1 μ M.iholmiumidliweiyttriumi-lithium fluoride lasers e-United States nase-United Kingdom, ene-wavelength esebenzayo ye-2.06 μ M, ukusuka kwi-3000 m.I-United States ikwasebenzisane neenkampani zelaser zamazwe ngamazwe ukuphuhlisa i-erbium-dopediyttriumi-lithium fluoride laser enobude obuyi-1.73 μ M yelaser rangefinder kwaye ixhotyiswe kakhulu ngemikhosi.Ubude be-laser boluhlu lomkhosi waseTshayina yi-1.06 μ M, ukusuka kwi-200 ukuya kwi-7000 m.I-China ifumana idatha ebalulekileyo kwi-laser TV theodolites kwimilinganiselo yoluhlu olujoliswe kuyo ngexesha lokuphehlelelwa kweerokethi zoluhlu olude, imijukujelwa, kunye neesathelayithi zonxibelelwano zovavanyo.
6.2 Isikhokelo seLaser
Iibhombu ezikhokelwa yiLaser zisebenzisa iilaser kwisikhokelo sesiphelo.I-laser ye-Nd · YAG, ekhupha i-pulses eninzi ngesekhondi, isetyenziselwa ukukhupha i-laser ekujoliswe kuyo.Ii-pulses zifakwe ngekhowudi kwaye i-pulses yokukhanya inokukhokela impendulo ye-missile, ngaloo ndlela ithintela ukuphazamiseka ekuqalisweni kwemijukujelwa kunye nemiqobo ebekwe lutshaba.Ibhombu ye-GBV-15 yomkhosi wase-US, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-"dexterous bomb".Ngokukwanjalo, isenokusetyenziswa ukwenza amaqokobhe akhokelwa yilaser.
6.3 Unxibelelwano ngeLaser
Ukongeza kwi-Nd · YAG, i-laser output ye-lithiumneodymiumIkristale yephosphate (LNP) i-polarized kwaye kulula ukuyimodareyitha, iyenza ibe yenye yezona zinto zithembisayo ngelaser imathiriyeli encinci.Ifanelekile njengomthombo wokukhanya wonxibelelwano lwefiber optic kwaye kulindeleke ukuba isetyenziswe kwi-optics edibeneyo kunye nonxibelelwano lwe-cosmic.Ukwengeza,iyttriumi-iron garnet (Y3Fe5O12) ikristale enye ingasetyenziswa njengezixhobo ezahlukeneyo ze-magnetostatic surface wave zisebenzisa itekhnoloji yokudibanisa i-microwave, ukwenza izixhobo ezidityanisiweyo kunye ne-miniaturized, kwaye zibe nezicelo ezikhethekileyo kulawulo olukude lwe-radar, i-telemetry, i-navigation, kunye ne-electronic countermeasures.
7.Ukusetyenziswa kweUmhlaba onqabileyoIzixhobo zokuqhuba iSuperconducting kwiTekhnoloji yoMkhosi yanamhlanje
Xa imathiriyeli ethile ifumana uxhathiso olungaphantsi kobushushu obuthile, kwaziwa ngokuba yi-superconductivity, eyiqondo lobushushu elibalulekileyo (Tc).Iisuperconductors luhlobo lwemathiriyeli ye-antimagnetic egxotha nayiphi na inzame yokufaka indawo yamagnetic ngaphantsi kweqondo lobushushu elibalulekileyo, elaziwa ngokuba yiMeisner effect.Ukongeza izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kwizinto ze-superconducting kunokunyusa kakhulu ubushushu obubalulekileyo be-Tc.Oku kukhuthaza kakhulu ukuphuhliswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-superconducting.Ngeminyaka yee-1980, amazwe aphuhlileyo anjengeUnited States neJapan ongezelela umlinganiselo othileioksidi yomhlaba enqabileyos ezifanalanthanum, iyttrium,ubuchopho, kwayeierbiumkwi-barium oxide kunyeioksidi yobheduiikhompawundi, ezazixutywe, zicinezelwe, kwaye zafakwa kwi-sintered ukuba zenze izixhobo ze-ceramic zokwenziwa kwe-superconducting, okwenza ukusetyenziswa okubanzi kobuchwepheshe be-superconducting, ngakumbi kwizicelo zomkhosi, kuninzi.
7.1 I-Superconducting iisekethe ezihlanganisiweyo
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uphando malunga nokusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji ye-superconducting kwiikhompyuter ze-elektroniki luye lwenziwa phesheya, kwaye iisekethe ezidityanisiweyo ze-superconducting ziye zaphuhliswa kusetyenziswa izixhobo ze-ceramic superconducting.Ukuba olu hlobo lwesekethe edibeneyo lusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iikhompyuter ze-superconducting, aziyi kuba ncinane kuphela ngobukhulu, ukukhanya kobunzima, kwaye kulula ukuyisebenzisa, kodwa kunye nesantya se-computing 10 ukuya kwi-100 ngokukhawuleza kuneekhompyutheni ze-semiconductor, kunye nemisebenzi yeendawo ezidadayo. ukufikelela kwi-300 ukuya kwi-1 yetriliyoni yamaxesha ngomzuzwana.Ke ngoko, umkhosi wase-US uqikelela ukuba xa sele kuqaliswe iikhomputha ze-superconducting, ziya kuba "ziphindaphinda" kwimpumelelo yokulwa yenkqubo ye-C1 emkhosini.
7.2 I-Superconducting iteknoloji yokuhlola imagnethi
Amalungu anovakalelo ngemagnethi enziwe ngezinto ezenziwe nge-superconducting ceramic inomthamo omncinci, okwenza kube lula ukufezekisa ukudibanisa kunye noluhlu.Banokwenza i-multi-channel kunye neenkqubo ezininzi zokufumanisa iparameter, ukwandisa kakhulu umthamo wolwazi lweyunithi kunye nokuphucula kakhulu umgama wokufumanisa kunye nokuchaneka komtshina wamagnetic.Ukusetyenziswa kweemagnetometers ezinkulu azikwazi ukubona kuphela iithagethi ezihambayo ezinje ngamatanki, izithuthi, kunye neenqanawa ezintywilayo, kodwa zikwalinganisa ubungakanani bazo, ezikhokelela kutshintsho olubalulekileyo kubuchule kunye nobuchwepheshe obufana netanki yokulwa kunye nemfazwe echasene nenkwili.
Kuxelwe ukuba uMkhosi waManzi wase-US ugqibe ekubeni uphuhlise isathelayithi ezivalela kude usebenzisa okuumhlaba onqabileyosuperconducting imathiriyeli ukubonisa nokuphucula itekhnoloji yemveli yokuvalelwa kude.Le sathelayithi ebizwa ngokuba yiNaval Earth Image Observatory yasungulwa ngo-2000.
8.Usetyenziso lweUmhlaba onqabileyoIzinto eziMkhulu zeMagnetostrictive kwiTekhnoloji yoMkhosi yanamhlanje
Umhlaba onqabileyoizixhobo ezinkulu zemagneti luhlobo olutsha lwemathiriyeli esebenzayo esandula ukuphuhliswa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1980 phesheya.Ikakhulu ibhekisa kwiikhompawundi zentsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo.Olu hlobo lwemathiriyeli lunexabiso elikhulu kakhulu le-magnetostrictive kunentsimbi, i-nickel, kunye nezinye izinto, kwaye i-coefficient yayo ye-magnetostrictive imalunga namaxesha angama-102-103 aphezulu kunomathiriyeli we-magnetostrictive ngokubanzi, ke ibizwa ngokuba yizinto ezinkulu okanye ezinkulu zemagnetostrictive.Kuzo zonke izixhobo zorhwebo, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezinkulu zemagnetostrictive zinexabiso eliphezulu loxinzelelo kunye namandla phantsi kwentshukumo yomzimba.Ngokukodwa ngophuhliso oluyimpumelelo lwe-Terfenol-D magnetostrictive alloy, ixesha elitsha lezinto zemagnetostrictive livuliwe.Xa i-Terfenol-D ibekwe kumhlaba wemagnethi, ukuguquguquka kobungakanani bayo bukhulu kunobo bemathiriyeli yemagnethi eqhelekileyo, eyenza ukuba kuphunyezwe iintshukumo ezichanekileyo zoomatshini.Okwangoku, isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwiinkqubo zamafutha, ulawulo lwevalvu yolwelo, indawo encinci ukuya kwii-activators zoomatshini kwiiteleskopu zesithuba kunye nolawulo lwamaphiko eenqwelomoya.Uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji ye-Terfenol-D yezinto zenze inkqubela phambili kwitekhnoloji yokuguqula i-electromechanical.Kwaye idlale indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwetekhnoloji yokusika, itekhnoloji yasemkhosini, kunye nokuphuculwa kwamashishini emveli.Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezinqabileyo zemagnetostrictive emhlabeni kumkhosi wanamhlanje ikakhulu kubandakanya le miba ilandelayo:
8.1 I-Sonar
Ukukhutshwa okuqhelekileyo kwe-sonar kungaphezulu kwe-2 kHz, kodwa i-sonar ye-low-frequency engaphantsi kwesi sihlandlo ineengenelo zayo ezikhethekileyo: i-ezantsi i-frequency, incinci i-attenuation, i-wave yesandi iqhubela phambili, kwaye i-echo ichaphazeleka kancinane ukukhusela i-echo engaphantsi kwamanzi.Ii-Sonars ezenziwe ngezinto ze-Terfenol-D zinokuhlangabezana neemfuno zamandla aphezulu, umthamo omncinci, kunye ne-frequency ephantsi, ngoko ke ziye zaphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza.
8.2 Iitransducer ezisebenza ngombane
Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizixhobo ezincinci ezilawulwayo - ii-activators.Kubandakanya ukuchaneka kokulawula ukufikelela kwinqanaba le-nanometer, kunye neepompo ze-servo, iinkqubo ze-injection ye-fuel, iibhuleki, njl.
8.3 Iinzwa kunye nezixhobo zombane
Ezinje ngepokotho yemagnetometers, izinzwa zokubona ukufuduka, amandla, kunye nokukhawulezisa, kunye nezixhobo zamaza anokutyibilika.Le yokugqibela isetyenziselwa izinzwa zesigaba emigodini, i-sonar, kunye nezixhobo zokugcina kwiikhomputha.
9. Ezinye izinto
Ezinye izinto ezifanaumhlaba onqabileyoizixhobo zokukhanya,umhlaba onqabileyoizixhobo zokugcina i-hydrogen, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezinkulu zemagnetoresistive,umhlaba onqabileyoizixhobo zefriji magnetic, kunyeumhlaba onqabileyoIzinto zokugcina imagneto-optical zonke zisetyenziswe ngempumelelo emkhosini wanamhlanje, ziphucula kakhulu ukulwa okusebenzayo kwezixhobo zanamhlanje.Umzekelo,umhlaba onqabileyoizixhobo zokukhanya zisetyenziswe ngempumelelo kwizixhobo zokubona ebusuku.Kwizibuko zombono wasebusuku, iiphosphors zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ziguqula iifotoni (amandla okukhanya) zibe zii-electron, eziphuculwa ngezigidi zemingxuma emincinci kwinqwelomoya ye-fiber optic microscope, ebonisa ngasemva naphambili eludongeni, ikhupha ii-electron ezininzi.Ezinye iiphosphor zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ekupheleni komsila ziguqula ii-electron zibuyele kwiifotoni, ngoko umfanekiso unokubonwa ngeso.Le nkqubo iyafana naleyo yescreen sikamabonakude, aphoumhlaba onqabileyoUmgubo wefluorescent ukhupha umfanekiso othile wombala kwiscreen.Ishishini laseMelika ngokuqhelekileyo lisebenzisa i-niobium pentoxide, kodwa ukuze iinkqubo zokubona ebusuku ziphumelele, into enqabileyo yomhlaba.lanthanumyinxalenye ebalulekileyo.KwiMfazwe yeGulf, imikhosi yezizwe ngezizwe yasebenzisa le mibhobho yombono wasebusuku ukujonga iithagethi zomkhosi waseIraq amaxesha ngamaxesha, ukutshintshiselana noloyiso oluncinci.
10 .Isiphelo
Uphuhliso lweumhlaba onqabileyoishishini likhuthaze ngempumelelo inkqubela phambili yobugcisa bezomkhosi bale mihla, kwaye ukuphuculwa kobugcisa bomkhosi nako kuqhubele phambili uphuhliso olunenkqubela phambiliumhlaba onqabileyoishishini.Ndiyakholelwa ukuba ngenkqubela phambili ekhawulezileyo yenzululwazi neteknoloji yehlabathi,umhlaba onqabileyoiimveliso ziya kudlala indima enkulu kuphuhliso lwetekhnoloji yasemkhosini yanamhlanje kunye nemisebenzi yabo ekhethekileyo, kwaye izise inzuzo enkulu yezoqoqosho kunye neyoluntu ebalaseleyo.umhlaba onqabileyoishishini ngokwalo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-29-2023