Intshayelelo yeTekhnoloji yoShishino loMhlaba oLudwe
·Umhlaba onqabileyo is ayisiyonto yentsimbi, kodwa igama elidityanisiweyo le-15 yezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kunyeiyttriumkwayescandium.Ke ngoko, izinto ezili-17 zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kunye neekhompawundi zazo ezahlukeneyo zinosetyenziso olwahlukeneyo, ukusukela kwiikloridi ezinobunyulu obungama-46% ukuya kwii-oksidi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kunye.iintsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyongococeko lwe-99.9999%.Ngokudityaniswa kweekhompawundi ezinxulumeneyo kunye nemixube, kukho inyambalala yeemveliso zomhlaba ezinqabileyo.Ngoko,umhlaba onqabileyoitekhnoloji nayo yahluka ngokusekwe kumahluko kwezi zinto zili-17.Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zinokwahlulwa zibe yi-cerium kunyeiyttriumamaqela asekelwe kwiimpawu zeminerali, ukumbiwa, ukunyibilikiswa, kunye neenkqubo zokwahlula izimbiwa zomhlaba ezinqabileyo nazo zimanyene ngokwentelekiso.Ukuqala kwimigodi yokuqala ye-ore, iindlela zokwahlula, iinkqubo zokunyibilikisa, iindlela zokukhutshwa, kunye neenkqubo zokuhlanjululwa komhlaba onqabileyo ziya kwaziswa nganye nganye.
Ukulungiswa kweeminerali zomhlaba ezinqabileyo
·Ukusetyenzwa kwezimbiwa yinkqubo yokwenziwa ngoomatshini ethi isebenzise iyantlukwano kwiimpawu zomzimba nezekhemikhali phakathi kweeminerali ezahlukeneyo ezenza intsimbi ekrwada, isebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunceda, iinkqubo, kunye nezixhobo zokutyebisa izimbiwa eziluncedo kwintsimbi ekrwada, ukususa ubumdaka obuyingozi, kwaye bazohlule. ukusuka kwiiminerali ze gangue.
·Kwiumhlaba onqabileyoores embiwa kwihlabathi jikelele, umxholo weiioksidi zomhlaba ezinqabileyoziipesenti ezimbalwa kuphela, yaye ezinye zingaphantsi nangakumbi.Ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zemveliso yokunyibilikisa,umhlaba onqabileyoiiminerali zahlulwe kwiminerali ye-ganggue kunye nezinye iiminerali eziluncedo ngokusebenzisa i-beneficiation phambi kokunyibilikiswa, ukuze kwandiswe umxholo weeoksidi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kunye nokufumana i-concentrates yomhlaba enqabileyo enokuthi ihlangabezane neemfuno ze-metallurgy enqabileyo yomhlaba.Uncedo lwentsimbi ekrwada yomhlaba enqabileyo ngokuqhelekileyo isebenzisa indlela yokudada, ehlala incediswa yindibaniselwano ezininzi zomxhuzulane kunye nokwahlulwa kwemagnethi ukwenza inkqubo yoncedo.
Iumhlaba onqabileyoidiphozithi kuMgodi weBaiyunebo kwi-Inner Mongolia yidiphozithi yodidi lwe-carbonate rock ye-iron dolomite, ikakhulu iqulunqwe ziiminerali ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kwintsimbi ekrwada yentsimbi (ukongeza kwi-fluorocarbon cerium ore kunye ne-monazite, kukwakho ezininziniobiumkwayeumhlaba onqabileyoiiminerali).
Intsimbi ekrwada ekhutshiweyo iqulethe malunga ne-30% yentsimbi kunye ne-5% yee-oksidi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo.Emva kokutyumza i-ore enkulu emgodini, ihanjiswa ngololiwe ukuya kwiplanti ye-beneficiation ye-Baotou Iron and Steel Group Company.Umsebenzi weplanti yoncedo kukwandisaFe2O3ukusuka kwi-33% ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-55%, okokuqala ukugaya kunye nokuhlelwa kwi-conical ball mill, kwaye emva koko ukhethe i-iron concentrate ye-62-65% Fe2O3 (i-iron oxide) usebenzisa isahluli semagnethi eyicylindrical.Umsila uyaqhubeka nokuhamba kunye nokwahlulwa kwamagnetic ukufumana ukugxila kwentsimbi yesibini equlethe ngaphezu kwe-45%Fe2O3(i-iron oxide).Umhlaba onqabileyo utyetyiswe kwi-foam ye-flotation, kunye nebakala le-10-15%.Ugxininiso lunokukhethwa kusetyenziswa itafile eshukumayo ukuvelisa i-coarse concentrate kunye nomxholo we-REO we-30%.Emva kokulungiswa kwakhona zizixhobo zoncedo, umhlaba onqabileyo ogxile kwi-REO ongaphezulu kwe-60% unokufumaneka.
Indlela yokubola yengqalelo yomhlaba enqabileyo
·Umhlaba onqabileyoIzinto ezigxininisiweyo zikho ngohlobo lwekhabhoni enganyibilikiyo, iifluorides, iiphosphates, iioksidi, okanye iisilicates.Izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kufuneka ziguqulwe zibe ziikhompawundi ezinyibilikayo emanzini okanye kwi-asidi ye-inorganic ngotshintsho olwahlukeneyo lweekhemikhali, emva koko zenzeke iinkqubo ezinje ngokuchithwa, ukwahlukana, ukucocwa, ukugxininiswa, okanye ukubala ukuvelisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ezixubileyo.umhlaba onqabileyoIikhompawundi ezinje ngengxubevange yekloridi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, ezinokusetyenziswa njengeemveliso okanye imathiriyeli ekrwada ukwahlula izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo.Le nkqubo ibizwaumhlaba onqabileyoukubola okugxile, okwakwaziwa njengonyango lwangaphambili.
Zininzi iindlela zokubolaumhlaba onqabileyoigxininisa, enokuthi yahlulwe ngokubanzi ibe ngamacandelo amathathu: indlela yeasidi, indlela yealkali, kunye nokubola kweklorini.Ukubola kwe-Acid kunokwahlulwa kwakhona kube yi-hydrochloric acid decomposition, i-sulfuric acid decomposition, kunye ne-hydrofluoric acid decomposition.Ukubola kwealkali kunokwahlulwa kwakhona kube kukubola kwesodium hydroxide, ukunyibilika kwesodium hydroxide, okanye iindlela zokuqhotsa isodi.Ukuqukuqela kwenkqubo efanelekileyo ngokuqhelekileyo kukhethwe ngokusekelwe kwimigaqo yohlobo lokugxila, iimpawu zebakala, isicwangciso semveliso, lula ukubuyisela kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwezinto ezingezona zinqabileyo zomhlaba, inzuzo yococeko lwabasebenzi kunye nokukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo, kunye nengqiqo yezoqoqosho.
·Nangona phantse ama-200 eeminerali ezinqabileyo nezisasaziweyo zifunyenwe, azikatyetyiswa zibe ziidipozithi ezizimeleyo ezinemigodi yemizi-mveliso ngenxa yokunqaba kwazo.Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kuphela kunqabile ukuzimelaigermanium, selenium, kwayei-telluriumiidiphozithi ziye zafunyanwa, kodwa isikali iidipozithi ayikho enkulu kakhulu.
Ukunyibilika komhlaba onqabileyo
Zimbini iindlela zokuumhlaba onqabileyoukunyibilika, i-hydrometallurgy kunye ne-pyrometallurgy.
·Yonke inkqubo ye-hydrometallurgy ye-earth enqabileyo kunye ne-metallurgy yeekhemikhali zesinyithi ubukhulu becala ikwisisombululo nesinyibilikiyo, njengokubola komjikelo womhlaba onqabileyo, ukwahlulwa kunye nokutsalwaiioksidi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, iikhompawundi, kunye nesinyithi esisodwa esinqabileyo somhlaba, esisebenzisa iinkqubo zokuhlukana kweekhemikhali ezifana nemvula, i-crystallization, ukunciphisa i-oxidation, i-solvent extraction, kunye ne-ion exchange.Eyona ndlela isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo yi-organic solvent extraction, eyinkqubo yehlabathi jikelele yokwahlulwa kwemizi-mveliso yezinto ezicocekileyo ezinqabileyo zomhlaba.Inkqubo ye-hydrometallurgy iyinkimbinkimbi kwaye ukucoceka kwemveliso kuphezulu.Le ndlela inoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo ekuveliseni iimveliso ezigqityiweyo.
Inkqubo ye-pyrometallurgical ilula kwaye inemveliso ephezulu.Umhlaba onqabileyopyrometallurgy ikakhulu ibandakanya ukuveliswaialloys zomhlaba ezinqabileyongendlela yokunciphisa i-silicothermic, ukuveliswa kweentsimbi ezinqabileyo zomhlaba okanye ialloys ngendlela yetyuwa enyibilikisiweyo ye-electrolysis, kunye nokuveliswaialloys zomhlaba ezinqabileyongendlela yokunciphisa i-thermal yensimbi njl.
Uphawu oluqhelekileyo lwe-pyrometallurgy yimveliso phantsi kweemeko eziphezulu zokushisa.
Inkqubo yemveliso yomhlaba enqabileyo
·Umhlaba onqabileyocarbonate kunyei-chloride yomhlaba enqabileyozimveliso ezimbini eziphambili eziphambili kwiumhlaba onqabileyoishishini.Ngokuqhelekileyo, kukho iinkqubo ezimbini eziphambili zokuvelisa ezi mveliso zimbini.Enye inkqubo yinkqubo egxininisiweyo ye-sulfuric acid yokuqhotsa, kwaye enye inkqubo ibizwa ngokuba yinkqubo ye-caustic soda, efinyeziweyo njengenkqubo ye-caustic soda.
·Ngaphezu kokubakho kwiiminerali ezininzi ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, inxalenye ebalulekileyo yeizinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyokwindalo ziphila kunye ne-apatite kunye ne-phosphate rock minerals.Oovimba behlabathi be-phosphate ore bamalunga ne-100 leebhiliyoni zeetoni, ngomndililiumhlaba onqabileyoumxholo we-0.5 ‰.Kuqikelelwa ukuba iyonke imaliumhlaba onqabileyoenxulunyaniswa nentsimbi ekrwada yephosphate ehlabathini ziitoni ezizigidi ezingama-50.Ukuphendula kwiimpawu eziphantsiumhlaba onqabileyoumxholo kunye nemeko ekhethekileyo yenzeke emigodini, iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokubuyisela ziye zafundwa ngaphakathi nangaphandle, ezinokuthi zohlulwe zibe ziindlela ezimanzi kunye ne-thermal.Ngeendlela ezimanzi, zinokwahlulwa zibe yindlela ye-nitric acid, indlela ye-hydrochloric acid, kunye nendlela ye-sulfuric acid ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokubola.Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubuyisela umhlaba onqabileyo kwiinkqubo zemichiza ye-phosphorus, zonke ezihambelana ngokusondeleyo neendlela zokulungiswa kwe-phosphate ore.Ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa thermal, iumhlaba onqabileyoizinga lokubuyisela lingafikelela kwi-60%.
Ngokusetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo kwemithombo yamatye e-phosphate kunye nokutshintshela ekuphuhliseni amatye akumgangatho ophantsi we-phosphate, inkqubo ye-sulfuric acid emanzi inkqubo ye-phosphoric acid iye yaba yeyona ndlela iphambili kushishino lwemichiza ye-phosphate, kunye nokubuyiselwaizinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyokwisulfuric acid inkqubo emanzi iphosphoric acid ibe yindawo yophando.Kwinkqubo yemveliso ye-sulfuric acid emanzi inkqubo ye-phosphoric acid, inkqubo yokulawula ukutyebisa umhlaba onqabileyo kwi-asidi ye-phosphoric kwaye emva koko usebenzisa i-organic solvent extraction ukukhupha imihlaba enqabileyo ineenzuzo ezininzi kuneendlela zokuqala eziphuhlisiwe.
Inkqubo yokutsalwa komhlaba enqabileyo
Ukunyibilika kwe-asidi ye-sulfuric
Ceriumiqela (elinganyibilikiyo kwiityuwa ezintsonkothileyo zesulfate) -lanthanum, i-cerium, ipraseodymium, neodymium, kunye nepromethium;
Terbiumiqela (i-soluble kancinane kwi-salfate complex salts) -samarium, ubuchopho, gadolinium, terbium, idysprosium, kwayeiholmium;
Yttriumiqela (elinyibilika kwisalfati ezixutywe neetyuwa) -iyttrium, ierbium, thulium, ytterbium,ilutetium, kwayescandium.
Ukwahlula ukutsalwa
Ukukhanyaumhlaba onqabileyo(P204 i-acidity ebuthathaka yokutsalwa) -lanthanum,i-cerium, ipraseodymium,neodymium, kunye nepromethium;
Umhlaba onqabileyo ophakathi (P204 ukutsalwa kweasidi ephantsi)-samarium,ubuchopho,gadolinium,terbium,idysprosium;
Inzimaumhlaba onqabileyoizinto(ukukhutshwa kweasidi kwi-P204) -iholmium,
Intshayelelo yeNkqubo yokuCinywa
Kwinkqubo yokwahlulaizinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo,ngenxa yezinto ezifanayo kakhulu zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali zezinto ezili-17, kunye nobuninzi bokungcola okukhaphayoizinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, inkqubo yokukhupha inzima kwaye isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo.
Kukho iintlobo ezintathu zeenkqubo zokukhutshwa: indlela yesinyathelo-nge-nyathelo, utshintshiselwano lwe-ion, kunye ne-solvent extraction.
Inyathelo ngenyathelo indlela
Indlela yokwahlula kunye nokuhlanjululwa kusetyenziswa ukuhluka kwi-solubility ye-compounds kwi-solvents ibizwa ngokuba yi-step-by-step method.Ukusukaiyttrium(Y) ukuyailutetium(Lu), ulwahlulo olunye phakathi kwazo zonke izinto ezenzeka ngokwendaloizinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, kubandakanywa iradium efunyenwe sisibini saseCurie,
Bonke bahlulwe kusetyenziswa le ndlela.Inkqubo yokusebenza yale ndlela inzima kakhulu, kwaye ukwahlulwa okukodwa kwazo zonke izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kuthathe iminyaka engaphezu kwe-100, kunye nokwahlulwa kunye nokusebenza okuphindaphindiweyo kufikelela kumaxesha angama-20000.Kubasebenzi beekhemikhali, umsebenzi wabo
Amandla aphakamileyo kwaye inkqubo inzima kakhulu.Ngoko ke, ukusebenzisa le ndlela akunakuvelisa umhlaba omnye onqabileyo ngobuninzi.
Utshintshiselwano lwe-ion
Umsebenzi wophando kwizinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba uye wathintelwa kukungakwazi ukuvelisa enyeinto yomhlaba enqabileyongobuninzi ngokusebenzisa iindlela zamanyathelo ngamanyathelo.Ukuze uhlalutye iizinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyoequlethwe kwiimveliso zenyukliya ze-fission kunye nokususa izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kwi-uranium kunye ne-thorium, i-ion exchange chromatography (i-ion exchange chromatography) yafundwa ngempumelelo, eyathi ke yasetyenziselwa ukwahlulainto yomhlaba enqabileyos.Inzuzo yendlela yokutshintshiselana kwe-ion kukuba izinto ezininzi zinokwahlulwa kumsebenzi omnye.Kwaye inokufumana iimveliso ezicocekileyo.Nangona kunjalo, ukungonakali kukuba ayinakucutshungulwa ngokuqhubekayo, kunye nomjikelezo omude wokusebenza kunye neendleko eziphezulu zokuhlaziywa kwe-resin kunye nokutshintshwa.Ke ngoko, oku kube yindlela ephambili yokwahlula izixa ezikhulu zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ziye zarhoxa kwindlela yokwahlula okuqhelekileyo kwaye yatshintshwa yindlela yokutsalwa kwe-solvent.Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yeempawu ezibalaseleyo ze-ion exchange chromatography ekufumaneni iimveliso zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezikumgangatho ophezulu, okwangoku, ukuze kuveliswe iimveliso ezinyulu eziphezulu kunye nokwahlula izinto ezinzima ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, kuyafuneka ukusebenzisa i-ion exchange chromatography. ukwahlula kunye nokuvelisa imveliso yomhlaba enqabileyo.
Ukutsalwa kwesinyibilikisi
Indlela yokusebenzisa i-organic solvents ukukhupha kunye nokwahlula into ekhutshwe kwisisombululo se-aqueous immiscible ibizwa ngokuba yi-organic solvent liquid-liquid extraction, efinyeziweyo njenge-solvent extraction.Yinkqubo yogqithiselo lobuninzi ehambisa izinto ukusuka kwisigaba solwelo ukuya kwesinye.Indlela yokukhupha i-solvent isetyenziswe ngaphambili kwi-petrochemical, i-organic chemistry, i-pharmaceutical chemistry, kunye ne-analytical chemistry.Nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka engamashumi amane edlulileyo, ngenxa yophuhliso lwenzululwazi yamandla e-athomu kunye nobuchwepheshe, kunye nemfuno yokuveliswa kwezinto ezinqabileyo kunye nezinto ezinqabileyo, ukutsalwa kwe-solvent yenze inkqubela phambili enkulu kumashishini afana ne-nuclear fuel industry kunye ne-metallurgy enqabileyo. .I-China iphumelele inqanaba eliphezulu lophando kwithiyori yokutsalwa, ukuhlanganiswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwee-extractants ezintsha, kunye nenkqubo yokukhutshwa kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba.Xa kuthelekiswa neendlela zokwahlula ezifana ne-grade grade precipitation, i-crystallization graded, kunye ne-ion exchange, i-solvent extraction inoluhlu lweenzuzo ezifana nefuthe elihle lokuhlukana, umthamo omkhulu wokuvelisa, ukulungelelaniswa kokuveliswa ngokukhawuleza nokuqhubekayo, kunye nokulula ukufikelela kulawulo oluzenzekelayo.Ngoko ke, ngokuthe ngcembe ibe yindlela ephambili yokwahlula amanani amakhuluumhlaba onqabileyos.
Ukucocwa komhlaba okunqabileyo
Imathiriyeli ekrwada yemveliso
Iintsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyozahlulahlulwe ngokubanzi ngokweentsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezixubeneyo kunye nenyeiintsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo.Ukuqulunqwa komxubeiintsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyoiyafana nokwakhiwa komhlaba onqabileyo ekuqaleni kwintsimbi ekrwada, kwaye isinyithi esinye sisitsimbi esahlulwe sahluzwa kumhlaba ngamnye onqabileyo.Kunzima ukunciphisaioksidi yomhlaba enqabileyos (ngaphandle kweeoksidi zesamarium,ubuchopho,, thulium,ytterbium) kwintsimbi enye kusetyenziswa iindlela eziqhelekileyo zetsimbi, ngenxa yobushushu obuphezulu bokubunjwa kunye nokuzinza okuphezulu.Ngoko ke, izinto ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ekrwada ukuveliswaiintsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyokule mihla ziikloridi zabo kunye neefluoride.
I-electrolysis yetyuwa etyhidiweyo
Ukuveliswa kobuninzi bomxubeiintsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyokushishino ngokubanzi isebenzisa indlela yetyuwa etyhidiweyo ye-electrolysis.Kukho iindlela ezimbini zokusebenzisa i-electrolysis: i-chloride electrolysis kunye ne-oxide electrolysis.Indlela yokulungiselela enyeiintsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyoiyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwinto.samarium,ubuchopho,,thulium,ytterbiumazifanelekanga ukulungiswa kwe-electrolytic ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwazo lomphunga ophezulu, kwaye endaweni yoko zilungiswa ngokusebenzisa indlela yokunciphisa i-distillation.Ezinye izinto zinokulungiswa nge-electrolysis okanye indlela yokunciphisa i-thermal yensimbi.
I-Chloride electrolysis yeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokuvelisa isinyithi, ngakumbi kwimixube enqabileyo yomhlaba.Inkqubo ilula, iyabiza, kwaye ifuna utyalo-mali oluncinci.Nangona kunjalo, eyona nto inkulu kukukhutshwa kwegesi yeklorini, engcolisa indalo.I-oxide electrolysis ayikhuphi iigesi eziyingozi, kodwa ixabiso liphezulu kancinci.Ngokubanzi, ixabiso eliphezulu singleimihlaba enqabileyonjengeneodymiumkwayeipraseodymiumziveliswa kusetyenziswa i-oxide electrolysis.
Indlela yokunciphisa i-vacuum ye-electrolysis inokulungiselela kuphela ibakala lamashishini ngokubanziiintsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo.Ukulungisaiintsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyongokungcola okuphantsi kunye nokucoceka okuphezulu, indlela yokunciphisa i-vacuum yokunciphisa i-thermal isetyenziswa ngokubanzi.Le ndlela inokuvelisa zonke iintsimbi ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, kodwasamarium,ubuchopho,,thulium,ytterbiumayinakuveliswa kusetyenziswa le ndlela.I-redox enokwenzeka yesamarium,ubuchopho,,thulium,ytterbiumkwaye i-calcium iyancipha kuphela ngokuyinxenyeumhlaba onqabileyoi-fluoride.Ngokubanzi, ukulungiswa kwezi zinyithi kusekelwe kwimigaqo yoxinzelelo lomphunga ophezulu wezi zinyithi kunye noxinzelelo lomphunga ophantsi we.intsimbi ye-lanthanums.Iioksidi zezi zineimihlaba enqabileyozixutywe namaqhekezaintsimbi ye-lanthanums kwaye zixinzelelwe kwiibhloko, kwaye zincitshiswe kwisithando somlilo.Lanthanumisebenza ngakumbi, ngelixasamarium,ubuchopho,,thulium,ytterbiumzincitshiswe zibe yigolide ngelanthanumkwaye iqokelelwe kwi-condensation, okwenza kube lula ukuhlukana ne-slag.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-07-2023