Iipateni ze-papillary kwiminwe yabantu zihlala zingatshintshi kwisakhiwo sabo se-topological ukususela ekuzalweni, zineempawu ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kumntu ukuya kumntu, kunye neepatheni ze-papillary kumnwe ngamnye womntu ofanayo nazo zihluke.Ipateni ye-papilla kwiminwe ihlanjululwe kwaye isasazwe ngee-sweat pores ezininzi.Umzimba womntu ngokuqhubekayo ufihla izinto ezisekelwe emanzini ezifana nokubila kunye nezinto ezinamafutha njengeoli.Ezi zinto ziya kutshintshela kwaye zifake into xa zidibana, zenze impembelelo kwinto.Kungenxa kanye yeempawu ezikhethekileyo zeprinta zezandla, ezinje ngezomntu ngamnye, uzinzo lobomi bonke, kunye nemo ebonakalisa imbonakalo yamanqaku okuchukumisa ukuba umnwe ube luphawu olwaziwayo lophando lolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokuqondwa kwesazisi ukusukela kusetyenziso lokuqala lweminwe ukuze uzazise. ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19.
Kwindawo yolwaphulo-mthetho, ngaphandle kweminwe emithathu-ntathu kunye nombala osicaba, izinga lokwenzeka kweminwe enokubakho lelona liphezulu.Iimpawu zeminwe ezinokuthi zifune ukusetyenzwa ngokubonakalayo ngokweentshukumo zomzimba okanye zekhemikhali.Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokuphuhlisa umnwe weminwe ikakhulu ziquka uphuhliso lwamehlo, uphuhliso lomgubo, kunye nophuhliso lwekhemikhali.Phakathi kwazo, uphuhliso lomgubo luthandwa ziiyunithi ezisezantsi ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo ngokulula kunye neendleko eziphantsi.Nangona kunjalo, imida yomboniso weminwe esekelwe kumgubo wesintu ayisahlangabezani neemfuno zamagcisa olwaphulo-mthetho, njengemibala entsonkothileyo neyohlukeneyo kunye nemathiriyeli yento kwindawo yesiganeko solwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nokungavisisani kakuhle phakathi koshicilelo lweminwe kunye nombala ongasemva;Ubungakanani, imilo, i-viscosity, umlinganiselo wokwakheka, kunye nokusebenza kwamasuntswana omgubo kuchaphazela ubuntununtunu bembonakalo yomgubo;Ukukhethwa komgubo wesintu kubi, ngakumbi ukunyusa okuphuculweyo kwezinto ezimanzi kwipowder, okunciphisa kakhulu ukuphuhliswa kokukhethwa kweempuphu zendabuko.Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, isayensi yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nabasebenzi betekhnoloji bebesoloko bephanda ngezinto ezintsha kunye neendlela zokudibanisa, phakathi kwazoumhlaba onqabileyoIzixhobo zokukhanya zitsale ingqalelo yenzululwazi yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nabasebenzi betekhnoloji ngenxa yeempawu zabo ezikhethekileyo zokukhanya, ukuchasana okuphezulu, ubuntununtunu obuphezulu, ukukhetha okuphezulu, kunye netyhefu ephantsi ekusetyenzisweni kokuboniswa kweminwe.Ii-orbitals ze-4f ezizaliswa ngokuthe ngcembe zezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zibanika amanqanaba amandla atyebileyo, kunye ne-5s kunye ne-5P ye-electron orbitals ye-electron yezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zizaliswe ngokupheleleyo.Ii-electron ze-4f zikhuselekile, zinika ii-electron ze-4f indlela ekhethekileyo yokunyakaza.Ke ngoko, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zibonisa ifoto egqwesileyo kunye nokuzinza kweekhemikhali ngaphandle kwe-photobleaching, ukoyisa imida yeedayi ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo.Ukwengeza,umhlaba onqabileyoIziqalelo nazo zineempawu eziphezulu zombane kunye nemagnethi xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izinto.Iimpawu ezizodwa zamehlo zeumhlaba onqabileyoIi-ion, ezinje ngobomi obude be-fluorescence, uninzi lokufunxa olumxinwa kunye neebhanti zokukhupha, kunye nokufunxa okukhulu kwamandla kunye nezikhewu zokuphuma, zitsale ingqalelo ebanzi kuphando olunxulumeneyo lokuboniswa kweminwe.
Phakathi kwabaninziumhlaba onqabileyoizinto,ubuchophoyeyona nto isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo imathiriyeli ye-luminescent.Demarcay, umfumani weubuchophokwi-1900, okokuqala kuchazwe imigca ebukhali kwi-spectrum yokufunxa ye-Eu3 + kwisisombululo.Ngo-1909, i-Urban yachaza i-cathodoluminescence yeGd2O3: Eu3+.Ngo-1920, uPrandtl waqala ukupapasha imbonakalo yokufunxa ye-Eu3+, eqinisekisa oko kuqatshelwe nguDe Mare.I-spectrum yokufunxa ye-Eu3 + iboniswe kuMfanekiso 1. I-Eu3 + idla ngokufumaneka kwi-C2 orbital ukuze iququzelele ukuguqulwa kwee-electron ukusuka kumanqanaba e-5D0 ukuya kwi-7F2, ngaloo ndlela ikhulula i-fluorescence ebomvu.I-Eu3 + inokufezekisa utshintsho ukusuka kwii-electron zamazwe aphantsi ukuya kwelona nqanaba lamandla liphantsi kwemincili phakathi koluhlu lwamaza okukhanya okubonakalayo.Ngaphantsi kovuselelo lokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, i-Eu3 + ibonisa i-photoluminescence ebomvu eyomeleleyo.Olu hlobo lwe-photoluminescence alusebenzi kuphela kwi-Eu3 + ion efakwe kwi-crystal substrates okanye iiglasi, kodwa nakwii-complexes ezenziweubuchophokunye ne-organic ligands.Ezi ligands zinokusebenza njengee-eriyali zokufunxa i-excitation luminescence kunye nokuhambisa amandla okuvuselela kumanqanaba aphezulu e-Eu3 + ion.Esona sicelo sibalulekileyo seubuchophongumgubo wefluorescent obomvuY2O3: I-Eu3 + (YOX) yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yezibane ze-fluorescent.Ukutshatyalaliswa kokukhanya okubomvu kwe-Eu3 + kunokufezekiswa kuphela ngokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, kodwa kunye ne-electron beam (cathodoluminescence), i-X-ray γ Radiation α okanye i-β Particle, i-electroluminescence, i-frictional or mechanical luminescence, kunye neendlela ze-chemiluminescence.Ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezityebileyo zokukhanya, luphando lwebhayoloji olusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiinkalo zenzululwazi yebhayoloji okanye yebhayoloji.Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iphinde yavusa umdla wophando lwenzululwazi yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nabasebenzi betekhnoloji kwinkalo yesayensi yezobuchwephesha, ibonelela ngokhetho oluhle lokutyhutyha imida yendlela yomgubo yemveli yokubonisa iminwe, kwaye inokubaluleka okubalulekileyo ekuphuculeni umahluko, ubuntununtunu, kunye nokukhetha kokuboniswa kophawu lweminwe.
Umzobo 1 Eu3 + Absorption Spectrogram
1,Umgaqo weLuminescence weumhlaba onqabileyo e-europiumizakhiwo
Imeko esezantsi kunye nemincili karhulumente ubumbeko elektronikiubuchophoion zombini 4fn uhlobo.Ngenxa yefuthe elihle kakhulu elikhuselayo le-s kunye ne-d orbitals ngeenxa zonkeubuchophoion kwi-4f orbitals, iinguqu ze-ff zeubuchophoiiion zibonisa iibhanti ezibukhali zemigca kunye nobomi obude be-fluorescence.Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa ye-photoluminescence ephantsi yokusebenza kakuhle kwe-europium ion kwi-ultraviolet kunye nemimandla yokukhanya ebonakalayo, i-organic ligands isetyenziselwa ukwenza ii-complexes.ubuchophoion ukuphucula i-coefficient yokufunxa ye-ultraviolet kunye nemimandla yokukhanya ebonakalayo.I-fluorescence ekhutshwa nguubuchophoI-complex ayinayo kuphela inzuzo ekhethekileyo yokuqina kwe-fluorescence ephezulu kunye nokucoceka okuphezulu kwe-fluorescence, kodwa inokuphuculwa ngokusebenzisa ukuphumelela okuphezulu kokufunxa kwezinto eziphilayo kwi-ultraviolet kunye nemimandla yokukhanya ebonakalayo.Amandla okuvuselela afunekayoubuchophoI-ion photoluminescence iphezulu Ukusilela kokusebenza kakuhle kwe-fluorescence.Kukho imigaqo emibini ephambili ye-luminescence yeumhlaba onqabileyo e-europiumcomplexes: enye yi-photoluminescence, efuna i-ligand yeubuchophoiikhompleksi;Enye inkalo kukuba isiphumo se-eriyali inokuphucula ubuntununtunu beubuchophoukukhanya kwe-ion.
Emva kokuvuyiswa yi-ultraviolet yangaphandle okanye ukukhanya okubonakalayo, i-organic ligand kwiumhlaba onqabileyoiinguqu ezintsonkothileyo ukusuka kumhlaba ophantsi we-S0 ukuya kwimeko echulumancisayo ye-singlett S1.Ii-electron zombuso ezichulumancisayo azinzanga kwaye zibuyela kumhlaba ophantsi we-S0 ngokusebenzisa imitha, ikhupha amandla ukuze i-ligand ikhuphe i-fluorescence, okanye ngokuthe kratya itsibe ukuya kwimo yayo imincili kathathu i-T1 okanye i-T2 ngeendlela ezingenamitha;Amazwe amathathu anemincili akhupha amandla ngemitha ukuvelisa i-ligand phosphorescence, okanye ukuhambisa amandla kuyoi-europium yentsimbiiiyoni ngokugqithiselwa kwamandla angenamitha kwi-intramolecular;Emva kokuvuyiswa, i-europium ions iguqulela ukusuka kumhlaba womhlaba ukuya kwimeko evuyayo, kwayeubuchophoion kwinguqu yelizwe echulumancisayo ukuya kumgangatho ophantsi wamandla, ekugqibeleni ubuyela kwimeko ephantsi, ukukhulula amandla kunye nokuvelisa i-fluorescence.Ke ngoko, ngokuzisa i-ligands efanelekileyo ye-organic ukusebenzisana nayoumhlaba onqabileyoii-ion kunye nokwazisa i-ion zentsimbi esembindini ngokugqithiselwa kwamandla angenamitha ngaphakathi kweeathom, isiphumo se-fluorescence yee-ion zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zinokunyuswa kakhulu kwaye imfuno yamandla okuvuselela yangaphandle inokuncitshiswa.Le nto yaziwa ngokuba yimpembelelo ye-antenna ye-ligands.Umzobo wenqanaba lamandla wokudluliselwa kwamandla kwi-Eu3 + complexes iboniswe kuMfanekiso 2.
Kwinkqubo yokuhanjiswa kwamandla ukusuka kwi-triplet echulumancile kwilizwe ukuya kwi-Eu3+, inqanaba lamandla e-ligand triplet triplet state echwayitileyo liyafuneka ukuba libe phezulu okanye lihambelane nenqanaba lamandla le-Eu3+kwimeko echulumancisayo.Kodwa xa inqanaba lamandla e-triplet ye-ligand likhulu kakhulu kunelona gunya lisezantsi linemincili ye-Eu3+, ukuhanjiswa kwamandla ngokufanelekileyo kuya kuncitshiswa kakhulu.Xa umahluko phakathi kwemeko ye-triplet ye-ligand kunye neyona meko iphantsi yovuyo ye-Eu3+ incinci, ukuqina kwe-fluorescence kuya kuba buthathaka ngenxa yempembelelo yezinga lokuvalwa kwe-thermal ye-triplet state ye-ligand.I-β-Diketone complexes ineenzuzo ze-UV eyomeleleyo yokufunxa i-UV, isakhono esinamandla sokulungelelanisa, ukuhanjiswa kwamandla okusebenzayo kunyeumhlaba onqabileyos, kwaye ingabakho kuzo zombini iifom eziqinileyo kunye nezilulwelo, izenza enye yezona ligands zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiumhlaba onqabileyoizakhiwo.
Umzobo 2 Umzobo wenqanaba lamandla wokudluliselwa kwamandla kwi-Eu3 + eyinkimbinkimbi
2.Ndlela yokuHlanganisa yeUmhlaba onqabileyo we-EuropiumIingxaki
2.1 Ubushushu obuphezulu bobume bendlela yokudibanisa
Indlela yobushushu obuphezulu obuqinileyo yindlela esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ukulungiselelaumhlaba onqabileyoizixhobo luminescent, kwaye ikwasetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimveliso yemizi-mveliso.Iqondo eliphezulu lobushushu obuqinileyo lwendlela yokudityaniswa kukusabela kojongano lwemiba eqinileyo phantsi kweemeko zobushushu obuphezulu (800-1500 ℃) ukuvelisa iikhompawundi ezintsha ngokusasaza okanye ukuthutha iiathom eziqinileyo okanye iiyoni.Indlela yobushushu obuphezulu obuqinileyo isetyenziselwa ukulungiselelaumhlaba onqabileyoizakhiwo.Okokuqala, i-reactants ixutywe kumlinganiselo othile, kwaye umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wokuguquguquka wongezwa kumdaka wokugaya ngokucokisekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuxuba okufanayo.Emva koko, i-reactants yomhlaba ifakwe kwisithando somlilo esiphezulu sokubala.Ngexesha lenkqubo yokubala, i-oxidation, ukunciphisa, okanye i-inert gases inokuzaliswa ngokweemfuno zenkqubo yokuhlola.Emva kokushisa okuphezulu kwe-calcination, i-matrix ene-crystal structure ethile yenziwa, kwaye i-activator ion yomhlaba enqabileyo yongezwa kuyo ukuze yenze iziko le-luminescent.I-complex ye-calcined kufuneka iphole, ihlanjululwe, yomiswe, iphinde igaye, i-calcination, kunye nokuhlolwa kweqondo lokushisa ukuze ufumane imveliso.Ngokuqhelekileyo, iinkqubo ezininzi zokusila kunye ne-calcination ziyafuneka.Ukusila okuninzi kunokukhawulezisa isantya sokusabela kwaye kwenze ukusabela kugqibelele.Oku kungenxa yokuba inkqubo yokugaya inyusa indawo yoqhagamshelwano ye-reactants, iphucula kakhulu ukusasazwa kunye nesantya sokuthutha i-ion kunye neamolekyu kwii-reactants, ngaloo ndlela iphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokuphendula.Nangona kunjalo, amaxesha ahlukeneyo okubala kunye namaqondo okushisa aya kuba nefuthe kwisakhiwo se-crystal matrix eyenziwe.
I-high-temperature solid-state method ineenzuzo zokusebenza kwenkqubo elula, indleko ephantsi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwexesha elifutshane, okwenza kube yiteknoloji yokulungiselela ovuthiweyo.Nangona kunjalo, iintsilelo eziphambili zendlela yobushushu obuphezulu obuqinileyo yile: okokuqala, ubushushu obufunekayo bokusabela buphezulu kakhulu, obufuna izixhobo eziphezulu kunye nezixhobo, zisebenzisa amandla aphezulu, kwaye kunzima ukulawula i-crystal morphology.I-morphology yemveliso ayilingani, kwaye ibangela ukuba i-crystal state yonakaliswe, echaphazela ukusebenza kwe-luminescence.Okwesibini, ukugaya okungonelanga kwenza kube nzima ukuba i-reactants idibanise ngokulinganayo, kwaye i-crystal particles inkulu.Ngenxa yokusila ngesandla okanye ngoomatshini, ukungcola kuxutywe ngokuqinisekileyo ukuchaphazela i-luminescence, okubangelwa ukucoceka kwemveliso ephantsi.Umba wesithathu kukungalingani kwesicelo sokugquma kunye nokuxinana okungalunganga ngexesha lenkqubo yesicelo.Lai et al.kwenziwe uthotho lwe-Sr5 (PO4) 3Cl isigaba esinye se-polychromatic fluorescent powders edityaniswe nge-Eu3+ kunye ne-Tb3+ kusetyenziswa indlela yemveli yobushushu obuphezulu obuqinileyo.Ngaphantsi kwe-ultraviolet excitation, i-fluorescent powder inokutshintsha umbala we-luminescence we-phosphor ukusuka kummandla oluhlaza ukuya kwindawo eluhlaza ngokogxininiso lwe-doping, ukuphucula iziphene zesalathiso sombala ophantsi kunye nobushushu obuphezulu bombala ohambelana nombala kwiidiode ezimhlophe ezikhupha ukukhanya. .Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu yeyona ngxaki iphambili kwi-synthesis ye-borophosphate esekelwe kwi-fluorescent powders nge-high-temperature solid-state method.Okwangoku, abaphengululi abaninzi bazibophelele ekuphuhliseni nasekukhangeleni iimatriki ezifanelekileyo ukusombulula ingxaki yokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu obushushu obuphezulu bendlela eqinileyo.Kwi-2015, uHasegawa et al.igqibe ubushushu obuphantsi bokulungiswa kwe-slide-state ye-Li2NaBP2O8 (LNBP) isigaba usebenzisa iqela lesithuba se-P1 senkqubo ye-triclinic okokuqala.Ngo-2020, uZhu et al.ibike iqondo eliphantsi lobushushu obuqinileyo bobume bendlela yokwenziwa kwenoveli Li2NaBP2O8: Eu3 + (LNBP: Eu) phosphor, iphonononga ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi kunye nexabiso eliphantsi lendlela yokwenziwa kwe-phosphors ye-inorganic.
2.2 Indlela yemvula ehamba kunye
Indlela ye-co precipitation ikwayindlela eqhele ukusetyenziswa “yekhemikhali ethambileyo” yokuhlanganisa ukulungiselela imathiriyeli ye-luminescent ye-inorganic enqabileyo yomhlaba.Indlela ye-co precipitation ibandakanya ukongeza i-precipitant kwi-reactant, ephendula kunye ne-cations kwi-reactant nganye ukwenza i-precipitate okanye i-hydrolyzes i-reactant phantsi kweemeko ezithile zokwenza i-oxides, i-hydroxides, i-salts ezingaxutywanga, njl njl. Imveliso ekujoliswe kuyo ifunyenwe ngokucoca, ukuhlamba, ukomisa, kunye nezinye iinkqubo.Iinzuzo zendlela ye-co precipitation kukusebenza okulula, ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elifutshane, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi, kunye nokucoceka okuphezulu kwemveliso.Inzuzo yayo ebalaseleyo kukuba ubungakanani bayo obuncinci bunokuvelisa ngokuthe ngqo i-nanocrystals.Ukungaphumeleli kwendlela ye-co precipitation: okokuqala, i-aggregation phenomenon yemveliso efunyenweyo inzima, echaphazela ukusebenza kwe-luminescent ye-fluorescent material;Okwesibini, imilo yemveliso ayicacanga kwaye kunzima ukuyilawula;Okwesithathu, kukho iimfuno ezithile zokukhethwa kwezinto eziluhlaza, kwaye iimeko zemvula phakathi kwe-reactant nganye kufuneka zifane okanye zifane kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ezingafanelekanga ukusetyenziswa kwamacandelo amaninzi enkqubo.K. Petcharoen et al.i-synthesized spherical magnetite nanoparticles usebenzisa i-ammonium hydroxide njenge-precipitant kunye ne-chemical co precipitation method.I-acetic acid kunye ne-oleic acid zaziswa njengee-agent zokugubungela ngexesha lokuqala le-crystallization stage, kwaye ubukhulu be-magnetite nanoparticles bulawulwa ngaphakathi kwinqanaba le-1-40nm ngokuguqula ukushisa.I-nanoparticles yemagnetite esasazwe kakuhle kwisisombululo esinamanzi yafunyanwa ngokuguqulwa komphezulu, ukuphucula i-agglomeration phenomenon yamasuntswana kwindlela ye-co precipitation.Kee et al.kuthelekisa iimpembelelo zendlela ye-hydrothermal kunye nendlela ye-co precipitation kwimilo, isakhiwo, kunye nobukhulu be-particle ye-Eu-CSH.Baye babonisa ukuba indlela ye-hydrothermal ivelisa i-nanoparticles, ngelixa i-co precipitation indlela ivelisa i-submicron prismatic particles.Xa kuthelekiswa ne-co precipitation method, indlela ye-hydrothermal ibonisa i-crystallinity ephezulu kunye nokuqina kwe-photoluminescence engcono ekulungiseleleni i-Eu-CSH powder.UJK Han et al.iphuhlise inoveli co precipitation method usebenzisa i non aqueous solvent N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) ukulungiselela (Ba1-xSrx) 2SiO4: Eu2 phosphors kunye nokusabalalisa ubungakanani obumxinwa kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-quantum kufuphi ne-spherical nano okanye i-submicron size particles.I-DMF inokunciphisa ukuphendula kwe-polymerization kwaye icothise isantya sokuphendula ngexesha lenkqubo yemvula, inceda ukuthintela ukudityaniswa kwamasuntswana.
2.3 Indlela ye-Hydrothermal/solvent thermal synthesis
Indlela ye-hydrothermal yaqala phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-19 xa iingcali zejoloji zazilinganisa ukumbiwa kwendalo.Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, ithiyori ngokuthe ngcembe yakhula kwaye ngoku yenye yezona ndlela zithembisayo ze-chemistry.Indlela ye-Hydrothermal yinkqubo apho umphunga wamanzi okanye isisombululo esinamanzi sisetyenziswa njengesixhobo esiphakathi (ukuthutha ii-ion kunye namaqela eemolekyuli kunye noxinzelelo lokuhambisa) ukufikelela kwindawo ephantsi okanye ephezulu kakhulu kwindawo yobushushu obuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu oluvaliweyo (eyangaphambili ine- iqondo lobushushu le-100-240 ℃, ngelixa le yokugqibela ineqondo lobushushu ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1000 ℃), ikhawulezise ireyithi yokusabela kwe-hydrolysis yezinto ezikrwada, kwaye phantsi kweconvection eyomeleleyo, ii-ion kunye namaqela eemolekyuli asasazeke kwiqondo lobushushu eliphantsi ukuze ahlaziywe kwakhona.Iqondo lokushisa, ixabiso le-pH, ixesha lokuphendula, ugxininiso, kunye nohlobo lwe-precursor ngexesha lenkqubo ye-hydrolysis ichaphazela izinga lokuphendula, ukubonakala kwekristale, imilo, isakhiwo, kunye nezinga lokukhula ukuya kumaqondo ahlukeneyo.Ukunyuka kweqondo lokushisa akugcini nje ukukhawuleza ukuchithwa kwezinto eziluhlaza, kodwa kwandisa ukungqubana okusebenzayo kweeamolekyu ukukhuthaza ukubunjwa kwekristale.Amazinga ahlukeneyo okukhula kwendiza yekristale nganye kwiikristale ze-pH zizinto eziphambili ezichaphazela isigaba se-crystal, ubungakanani kunye ne-morphology.Ubude bexesha lokuphendula buchaphazela ukukhula kwekristale, kwaye ixesha elide, lilungele ukukhula kwekristale.
Iingenelo zendlela ye-hydrothermal zibonakaliswa ngokukodwa: okokuqala, ukucoceka okuphezulu kwe-crystal, akukho ngcoliseko yokungcola, ukusabalalisa ubungakanani be-particle encinci, isivuno esiphezulu, kunye ne-morphology yemveliso eyahlukeneyo;Okwesibini kukuba inkqubo yokusebenza ilula, ixabiso liphantsi, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kuphantsi.Uninzi lweempendulo zenziwa kwindawo ephakathi ukuya kwiqondo eliphantsi, kwaye iimeko zokusabela kulula ukuzilawula.Uluhlu lwesicelo lubanzi kwaye lunokuhlangabezana neemfuno zokulungiselela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto;Okwesithathu, uxinzelelo lokungcoliseka kwendalo luphantsi kwaye lunobuhlobo kakhulu kwimpilo yabasebenzi.Iintsilelo zayo eziphambili kukuba i-precursor ye-reaction ichaphazeleka lula yi-pH yendalo, ukushisa kunye nexesha, kwaye imveliso inomxholo ophantsi we-oksijeni.
Indlela ye-solvothermal isebenzisa izinyibilikisi eziphilayo njenge-reaction medium, ukwandisa ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa kweendlela ze-hydrothermal.Ngenxa yomahluko obalulekileyo kwiipropathi zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali phakathi kwezinyibilikisi ze-organic kunye namanzi, indlela yokusabela intsonkothe ngakumbi, kwaye inkangeleko, ulwakhiwo, kunye nobukhulu bemveliso yahluka kakhulu.Nallappan et al.iikristale ze-MoOx ezidibeneyo kunye ne-morphologies eyahlukeneyo ukusuka kwi-sheet ukuya kwi-nanorod ngokulawula ixesha lokusabela kwendlela ye-hydrothermal usebenzisa i-sodium dialkyl sulfate njenge-agent eqondisayo ye-crystal.UDianwen Hu et al.izinto ezidityanisiweyo ezihlanganisiweyo ezisekelwe kwi-polyoxymolybdenum cobalt (CoPMA) kunye ne-UiO-67 okanye eziqulethe amaqela e-bipyridyl (UiO-bpy) usebenzisa indlela ye-solvothermal ngokulungisa iimeko ze-synthesis.
2.4 Indlela yejeli yeSol
Indlela ye-Sol gel yindlela yendabuko yeekhemikhali yokulungiselela izinto ezisebenzayo ezingabonakaliyo, ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekulungiseleleni i-nanomaterials yetsimbi.Kwi-1846, u-Elbelmen waqala ukusebenzisa le ndlela ukulungiselela i-SiO2, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwakungekavuthwa.Indlela yokulungiselela ikakhulu ukongeza i-activator ye-ion yomhlaba enqabileyo kwisisombululo sokuqala sokusabela ukwenza i-solvent iguquke ukwenza ijeli, kwaye ijeli elungisiweyo ifumana imveliso ekujoliswe kuyo emva konyango lobushushu.I-phosphor eveliswa yindlela ye-sol gel ine-morphology efanelekileyo kunye neempawu zesakhiwo, kwaye imveliso inomlinganiselo omncinci we-particle uniform, kodwa ukukhanya kwayo kufuneka kuphuculwe.Inkqubo yokulungiselela indlela ye-sol-gel ilula kwaye kulula ukuyisebenzisa, ukushisa okuphendulayo kuphantsi, kwaye ukusebenza kokhuseleko kuphezulu, kodwa ixesha lide, kwaye inani lonyango ngalunye lilinganiselwe.Gaponenko et al.ilungiswe i-amorphous BaTiO3 / SiO2 isakhiwo se-multilayer nge-centrifugation kunye nokushisa unyango lwe-sol-gel indlela kunye ne-transmissivity enhle kunye ne-refractive index, kwaye yabonisa ukuba i-index refractive yefilimu ye-BaTiO3 iya kwanda ngokunyuka kwe-solconcentration.Ngo-2007, iqela lophando lika-Liu L labamba ngempumelelo i-fluorescent ephezulu kunye ne-stable stable Eu3+metal ion/sensitizer complex in silica based nanocomposites kunye ne-doped ijeli eyomileyo isebenzisa indlela ye-sol gel.Kwiintlanganisela ezininzi zezinto eziphuma kuzo ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kunye neetemplates ze-silica nanoporous, ukusetyenziswa kwe-1,10-phenanthroline (OP) i-sensitizer kwi-tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) template inikeza i-fluorescence i-doped ijeli eyomileyo ukuvavanya iimpawu ze-spectral ze-Eu3 +.
2.5 Indlela ye-Microwave synthesis
Indlela ye-Microwave synthesis yindlela entsha ye-chemical synthesis eluhlaza kunye ne-pollution-free xa kuthelekiswa ne-high-temperature solid-state method, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-material synthesis, ngokukodwa kwintsimi ye-nanomaterial synthesis, ebonisa ukuqhubela phambili kophuhliso oluhle.IMicrowave ngamaza ombane anobude obuphakathi kwe-1nn kunye ne-1m.Indlela yeMicrowave yinkqubo apho amasuntswana amancinci angaphakathi kwisixhobo sokuqala atyhubela i-polarization phantsi kweempembelelo zamandla ombane angaphandle.Njengoko isalathiso sebala lombane le-microwave sitshintsha, intshukumo kunye nolungiselelo lwendlela yeedipholes zitshintsha ngokuqhubekayo.Impendulo ye-hysteresis ye-dipoles, kunye nokuguqulwa kwamandla abo ashushu ngaphandle kwesidingo sokungqubana, ukungqubuzana, kunye nokulahleka kwe-dielectric phakathi kwe-athomu kunye ne-molecule, ifezekisa umphumo wokufudumala.Ngenxa yokuba izifudumezi ze-microwave zinokufudumeza ngokulinganayo yonke inkqubo yokusabela kwaye ziqhube amandla ngokukhawuleza, ngaloo ndlela zikhuthaza inkqubela phambili ye-organic reactions, xa kuthelekiswa neendlela zokulungiselela zendabuko, indlela ye-microwave synthesis ineenzuzo zesantya sokusabela ngokukhawuleza, ukhuseleko oluluhlaza, elincinci kunye neyunifomu. ubungakanani bezinto eziphathekayo, kunye nokucoceka kwesigaba esiphezulu.Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lweengxelo okwangoku zisebenzisa i-absorber microwave ezifana ne-carbon powder, i-Fe3O4, kunye ne-MnO2 ukubonelela ngokungathanga ngqo ubushushu bokuphendula.Izinto ezifunxwa lula zii-microwaves kwaye zinokuvula iireactants ngokwazo zifuna ukuphononongwa ngakumbi.ULiu et al.idityaniswe indlela ye-co precipitation kunye ne-microwave indlela yokudibanisa i-spinel ecocekileyo ye-LiMn2O4 kunye ne-morphology ene-porous kunye neempawu ezilungileyo.
2.6 Indlela yokutshisa
Indlela yokutshisa isekelwe kwiindlela zokufudumeza zendabuko, ezisebenzisa ukutshiswa kwezinto eziphilayo ukuvelisa imveliso ekujoliswe kuyo emva kokuba isisombululo siphuphuma somile.Irhasi eveliswa kukutsha kwezinto eziphilayo inokucothisa ngokufanelekileyo ukwenzeka kweagglomeration.Xa kuthelekiswa nendlela yokufudumeza okuqinileyo, iyanciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwaye ifanelekile kwiimveliso ezineemfuno zobushushu obuphantsi.Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yokusabela ifuna ukongezwa kwe-organic compounds, eyandisa iindleko.Le ndlela inomthamo omncinci wokucubungula kwaye ayifanelekanga kwimveliso yoshishino.Imveliso eveliswa yindlela yokutshisa inomlinganiselo omncinci kunye nofanayo, kodwa ngenxa yenkqubo yokuphendula emfutshane, kunokubakho iikristale ezingaphelelanga, ezichaphazela ukusebenza kwe-luminescence ye-crystals.UAnning et al.isetyenziswe i-La2O3, i-B2O3, kunye ne-Mg njengezinto zokuqalisa kwaye isetyenziswe ityuwa encedisa ukutshisa ukudibanisa ukuvelisa i-LaB6 powder kwiibhetshi ngexesha elifutshane.
3. Ukusetyenziswa kweumhlaba onqabileyo e-europiumiikhompleksi kuphuhliso lweminwe
Indlela yokubonisa umgubo yenye yeendlela zakudala kunye nezakwantu zokubonisa umnwe.Okwangoku, ii powders ezibonisa iimpawu zeminwe zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezintathu: i-powders yendabuko, efana ne-magnetic powders eyenziwe ngumgubo wentsimbi kunye ne-carbon powder;Umgubo wesinyithi, njengomgubo wegolide,umgubo wesilivere, kunye nezinye ii powders zetsimbi ezinesakhiwo senethiwekhi;Umgubo weFluorescent.Nangona kunjalo, ii powders zemveli zihlala zinobunzima obukhulu ekuboniseni iminwe yeminwe okanye iminwe emidala kwizinto ezintsonkothileyo ezingasemva, kwaye zinefuthe elithile elinetyhefu kwimpilo yabasebenzisi.Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, isayensi yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nabasebenzi betekhnoloji baye bathanda kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-nano fluorescent zokubonisa iminwe.Ngenxa yeempawu ezizodwa zokukhanya kwe-Eu3 + kunye nokusetyenziswa okubanzi kweumhlaba onqabileyoizinto,umhlaba onqabileyo e-europiumiicomplexes azikhange zibe yindawo ephambili yophando kwicandelo lenzululwazi yezobungcwalisa, kodwa zikwabonelela ngezimvo zophando olubanzi zokubonisa umnwe.Nangona kunjalo, i-Eu3+ kulwelo okanye kwizinto eziqinileyo inokusebenza okungenamandla okufunxa ukukhanya kwaye kufuneka zidityaniswe ne-ligands ukwazisa kunye nokukhupha ukukhanya, okwenza i-Eu3+ ibonise iipropati ezomeleleyo neziqhubekayo ze-fluorescence.Okwangoku, ii-ligands ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ziquka i-β-Diketones, i-carboxylic acids kunye ne-carboxylate salts, i-polymers eziphilayo, i-supramolecular macrocycles, njl. Ngophando olunzulu kunye nokusetyenziswa kweumhlaba onqabileyo e-europiumIzakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo, kufunyaniswe ukuba kwiindawo ezifumileyo, ukushukuma kolungelelwaniso lweemolekyuli ze-H2Oubuchophoiikhompleksi zinokubangela ukucima i-luminescence.Ke ngoko, ukuze kuphunyezwe ukhetho olungcono kunye nokwahlukileyo olomeleleyo kumboniso weminwe, iinzame kufuneka zenziwe ukufunda indlela yokuphucula ukuzinza kwe-thermal kunye nomatshini.ubuchophoizakhiwo.
Ngo-2007, iqela lophando likaLiu L lalinguvulindlela wokwazisaubuchophoiicomplexes kumhlaba wokuboniswa kweminwe okokuqala ngqa ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe.I-fluorescent kunye ne-Eu3 yesinyithi ekhanyayo kunye ne-ion / sensitizer complexes ebanjwe yindlela ye-sol gel inokusetyenziselwa ukuchongwa kweminwe kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezinxulumene ne-forensic, kubandakanya i-foil yegolide, iglasi, iplastiki, iphepha elinemibala kunye namagqabi aluhlaza.Uphando lokuhlola luye lwazisa inkqubo yokulungiselela, i-UV / Vis spectra, iimpawu ze-fluorescence, kunye neziphumo zokubhalwa kweminwe ye-Eu3 +/OP/TEOS nanocomposites entsha.
Kwi-2014, uSeung Jin Ryu et al.kuqala yenze i-Eu3+complex ([EuCl2 (Phen) 2 (H2O) 2] Cl · H2O) ngehexahydratei-europium chloride(EuCl3 · 6H2O) kunye ne-1-10 phenanthroline (Phen).Ngokusebenzisa i-ion exchange reaction phakathi kwe-interlayer sodium ion kunyeubuchophoI-ion eziyinkimbinkimbi, i-intercalated nano hybrid compounds (Eu (Phen) 2) 3 + - ilitye lesepha ye-lithium edibeneyo kunye ne-Eu (Phen) 2) 3 + - i-montmorillonite yendalo) yafunyanwa.Ngaphantsi kokuvuswa kwesibane se-UV kwi-wavelength ye-312nm, ii-complexes ezimbini azigcini nje ukugcina iimpawu ze-photoluminescence phenomena, kodwa zine-thermal, iikhemikhali, kunye nokuzinza komatshini xa kuthelekiswa ne-Eu3 + ecocekileyo. ezifana nentsimbi kumzimba oyintloko welitye lesepha ye-lithium, [Eu (Phen) 2] 3+- ilitye lesepha ye-lithium inobunzulu be-luminescence obungcono kune- [Eu (Phen) 2] 3+- montmorillonite, kwaye umnwe ubonisa imigca ecacileyo kunye nokuchasana okunamandla kunye imvelaphi.Kwi-2016, uV Sharma et al.i-synthesized strontium aluminate (SrAl2O4: Eu2 +, Dy3 +) nano powder fluorescent usebenzisa indlela yokutshisa.Umgubo ulungele ukuboniswa kweminwe emitsha nendala kwizinto ezinokuvutheka nezingangenekiyo njengephepha elinombala oqhelekileyo, iphepha lokupakisha, ifoyile yealuminiyam, kunye neediski zamehlo.Ayibonisi kuphela ubuntununtunu obuphezulu kunye nokukhetha, kodwa ikwanayo neempawu eziqinileyo nezihlala ixesha elide.Kwi-2018, uWang et al.ilungiselelwe i-CaS nanoparticles (ESM-CaS-NP) ifakwe kunyeubuchopho, samarium, kunye ne-manganese enomlinganiselo we-30nm.I-nanoparticles yayifakwe kwii-amphiphilic ligands, ezivumela ukuba zihlakazwe ngokufanayo emanzini ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukusebenza kwazo kwe-fluorescence;Ukuguqulwa kwe-Co ye-ESM-CaS-NP yomgangatho kunye ne-1-dodecylthiol kunye ne-11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (Arg-DT) / MUA@ESM-CaS NPs zisombulula ngempumelelo ingxaki yokucima i-fluorescence emanzini kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwamasuntswana okubangelwa yi-particle hydrolysis kwi-nano fluorescent umgubo.Lo mgubo we-fluorescent awubonisi kuphela iminwe enokubakho kwizinto ezifana nefoyile ye-aluminium, iplastiki, iglasi, kunye neethayile ze-ceramic ezinovakalelo oluphezulu, kodwa inoluhlu olubanzi lwemithombo yokukhanya yokuvuselela kwaye ayifuni zixhobo ezixabisa kakhulu zokutsalwa kwemifanekiso ukubonisa iminwe. Kwangonyaka omnye, iqela lophando likaWang lenze uthotho lwe-ternaryubuchophoii-complexes [Eu (m-MA) 3 (o-Phen)] usebenzisa i-ortho, i-meta, kunye ne-p-methylbenzoic acid njenge-ligand yokuqala kunye ne-ortho phenantroline njenge-ligand yesibini usebenzisa indlela yokuphefumula.Ngaphantsi kwe-245nm ultraviolet irradiation, iminwe enokubakho kwizinto ezifana neeplastiki kunye neempawu zokuthengisa zingabonakaliswa ngokucacileyo.Ngo-2019, uSung Jun Park et al.i-YBO3 eyenziweyo: Ln3+(Ln=Eu, Tb) iphosphors ngendlela ye-solvothermal, iphucula ngokufanelekileyo ukubhaqwa kweminwe enokubakho kunye nokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwepatheni yangasemva.Ngo-2020, uPrabakaran et al.iphuhlise i-fluorescent Na [Eu (5,50 DMBP) (phen) 3] · i-Cl3/D-Dextrose composite, isebenzisa i-EuCl3 · 6H20 njenge-precursor.Na [Eu (5,5 '- DMBP) (phen) 3] I-Cl3 yadityaniswa kusetyenziswa iPhen kunye ne-5,5′ – i-DMBP ngendlela yokunyibilikisa eshushu, emva koko iNa [Eu (5,5 '- DMBP) (phen) I-3] I-Cl3 kunye ne-D-Dextrose zisetyenziswe njenge-precursor ukwenza i-Na [Eu (5,50 DMBP) (phen) 3] · I-Cl3 ngokusebenzisa indlela ye-adsorption.3/D-Dextrose complex.Ngokusebenzisa imifuniselo, indibaniselwano ingabonisa ngokucacileyo iminwe kwizinto ezifana neminqwazi yeebhotile zeplastiki, iiglasi, kunye nemali yaseMzantsi Afrika phantsi kovuselelo lwelanga lwe-365nm okanye ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, ngokuchasa okuphezulu kunye nokusebenza okuzinzile kwe-fluorescence.Kwi-2021, uDan Zhang et al.iyilwe ngempumelelo kwaye yadibanisa inoveli eyi-hexanuclear Eu3+complex Eu6 (PPA) 18CTP-TPY eneendawo ezintandathu ezibophelelayo, ezinozinzo olubalaseleyo lwe-fluorescence thermal (<50 ℃) kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ukubonisa iminwe.Nangona kunjalo, imifuniselo eyongezelelekileyo iyafuneka ukuze kubonwe iintlobo zeendwendwe ezifanelekileyo.Kwi-2022, uL Brini et al.i-Eu eyenziwe ngempumelelo: i-Y2Sn2O7 powder fluorescent ngokusebenzisa indlela ye-co precipitation kunye nonyango oluqhubekayo lokusila, olunokuthi luveze iminwe enokubakho kwizinto ezenziwe ngamaplanga kunye nezinto ezingenakunyakaziswa. -i-shell uhlobo lwe-nanofluorescence impahla, enokuvelisa i-fluorescence ebomvu phantsi kwe-254nm ye-ultraviolet excitation kunye ne-fluorescence eluhlaza ekhanyayo phantsi kwe-980nm kufuphi ne-infrared excitation, ukufezekisa umboniso wemowudi emibini yeminwe enokubakho kwindwendwe.Umboniso weminwe onokubakho kwizinto ezifana neethayile ze-ceramic, amaphepha eplastiki, i-aluminium alloys, i-RMB, kunye nephepha le-letterhead elinemibala libonisa ubuntununtunu obuphezulu, ukukhetha, ukuchasana, kunye nokuchasana okunamandla kukuphazamiseka kwemvelaphi.
4 Outlook
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uphando kwiumhlaba onqabileyo europiumIicomplexes zitsale umdla omkhulu, enkosi kwiipropathi zazo ezibalaseleyo zokukhanya kunye nemagnethi ezinje nge-luminescence intensity ephezulu, ubunyulu bombala ophakamileyo, ixesha elide lobomi be-fluorescence, ukufunxa amandla amakhulu kunye nezikhewu zokuphuma, kunye nencopho yokufunxa emxinwa.Ngokunzulu kophando kwizinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, izicelo zabo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ezifana nokukhanyisa kunye nokuboniswa, i-bioscience, ezolimo, umkhosi, i-electronic information industry, i-optical information transmission, i-fluorescence anti-counterfeiting, ukubonwa kwe-fluorescence, njl.Iimpawu ezibonakalayo zeubuchophoiicomplexes zigqwesile, kwaye imimandla yesicelo sayo iyanda ngokuthe ngcembe.Nangona kunjalo, ukungabikho kokuzinza kwe-thermal, iipropathi zoomatshini, kunye nokuqhubekeka kuya kunciphisa usetyenziso lwabo olusebenzayo.Ukususela kumbono wophando lwangoku, uphando lwesicelo seempawu ezibonakalayo zeubuchophoiicomplexes kwinkalo yenzululwazi yophando-nzulu kufuneka ikakhulu kugxininise ekuphuculeni iimpawu optical ofubuchophoi-complex kunye nokusombulula iingxaki zamasuntswana e-fluorescent athambekele ekudibaneni kwindawo efumileyo, ukugcina uzinzo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-luminescenceubuchophoizinto ezintsonkothileyo kwizisombululo ezinamanzi.Kule mihla, inkqubela yoluntu kunye nesayensi kunye nethekhnoloji ibeke phambili iimfuno eziphezulu zokulungiswa kwezinto ezintsha.Ngelixa ihlangabezana neemfuno zesicelo, kufuneka kwakhona ihambelane neempawu zoyilo olwahlukeneyo kunye neendleko eziphantsi.Ngoko ke, uphando olongezelelweyo kwiubuchophoiicomplexes zibaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso lobutyebi bomhlaba obunqabileyo baseTshayina kunye nophuhliso lwesayensi yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nobuchwepheshe.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-01-2023