Iipateni ze-papillary kwiminwe yabantu zihlala zingaguqukiyo kwisakhiwo sabo sokungena kwasekuzalweni, ezinamagama ahlukeneyo emntwini, kwaye iipateni zepapile zomntu omnye zahlukile. Iphethini ye-papilla eminwe yeminwe igxothiwe kwaye isasazwe ziipores ezininzi. Umzimba womntu ngokuqhubekayo uxhasa izinto ezisekelwe kumanzi ezinje nge-sweat kunye nezinto ezinamafutha anjengeoyile. Ezi zinto ziya kudlulisa kwaye idipozithi kwinto xa zidibana, zenza imbonakalo yento. Kuthe ngqo ngenxa yeempawu ezikhethekileyo zeeprinta zesandla, ezinjengokuzinza kwabo, kunye nokubonisa ubume bobuchwephesha ekusebenziseni iminwe yophando kunye nokusetyenziswa komnwe okwaziwayo kwenkulungwane ye-19.
Kwindawo yolwaphulo-mthetho, ngaphandle kweminwe emilinganiselo emithathu kunye neflethi yeflethi, iqondo lokwenzeka kweminwe elinokubakho lelona liphezulu. Iminwe enokubakho ihlala ifuna ukulungiswa okubonakalayo ngokuphendula ngokwasemzimbeni okanye kwimichiza. Iindlela zokuphuhliswa kweminwe ezinokubakho ikakhulu zibandakanya ukuphuculwa okukhethekileyo, uphuhliso lomgubo, kunye nophuhliso lweekhemikhali. Phakathi kwawo, ukukhula komgubo kuyathandwa ngamacandelo eengcambu ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo ngokulula kunye neendleko eziphantsi. Nangona kunjalo, ukusikelwa umda kweminwe yemveli yomgubo-mboleko yomgubo awusakwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabakhutshiweyo bolwaphulo-mthetho, njengemibala enzima neyahlukeneyo yento kwindawo yolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nombala wangasemva; Ubungakanani, ubume, i-viscosity, umyinge wemilinganiselo yokuqunjelwa, kunye nokusebenza kwamasuntswana ngemiphetho kuchaphazela imvakalelo yokubonakala kwengqondo yomgubo; Ukukhetha iiposti zemveli kuhlwempuzekile, ngakumbi i-adsorption yezinto ezimanzi kumgubo, onciphisa kakhulu ukukhetha i-powders zemveli. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abasebenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nabasebenzi betekhnoloji sele bephanda ngezixhobo ezintsha kunye neendlela zesiselo, phakathi kwazoumhlaba onqabileyoIzixhobo ze-Luminescent zitsalele ingqalelo kubasebenzi beSayensi yoLwaphulo-mthetho kunye neTekhnoloji ngenxa yepropathi yabo eyahlukileyo, eyahlukileyo, ukukhetha okuphezulu, nokukhetha ityhefu kwisicelo somboniso womnwe. Oku ngokuthe ngcembe bagcwalisa ii-4F ezi-4f zezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zinabanisela ngamanqanaba amandla amakhulu, kunye ne-5s kunye ne-5P yombane we-elektroni izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zizele ngokupheleleyo. I-Electrons ye-4F ikhuselwe, inika i-4F ye-Electrons Imowudi eyahlukileyo yentshukumo. Ke ngoko, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezibonisa ukwenyama ezigqwesileyo kunye nokuzinza kwamachiza ngaphandle kokufakwa kwefoto, ukoyisa imiqobo yedayi esetyenziswayo esetyenziswayo. Ukwengeza,umhlaba onqabileyoIzinto zikwanazo neepropathi ezibalaseleyo zombane kunye neepropathi zemagneti xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izinto. Iipropati ezifanelekileyo zoqobo zeumhlaba onqabileyoI-ion, ezinjengobomi obude kakhulu, ixesha elininzi lokufumana kunye nokunikezelwa kwamanqanaba, kunye ne-Grounce yamandla enkulu kunye ne-GAPS ye-EPUSE, itsala umdla obanzi wophando.
Phakathi kwabantu abaninziumhlaba onqabileyoizinto,I-Europiumyeyona nto isetyenziswayo isetyenziswa kakhulu. Dempcay, i-IdarmitedI-EuropiumNgo-1900, kwaqala ukuchaza imigca ebukhali kwindawo yokufunxa i-EU3 + ngesisombululo. Ngo-1909, urban uchaze i-cathodollumolutinescence yeGd2o3: I-EU3 +. Ngo-1920, iPrandtl yaqala yapapasha i-Ablonge Spectra ye-EU3 +, eqinisekisa ukuqaphela kuka-De Mare Mare. I-spectrum yokufunxa ye-EU3 + iboniswe kumzobo 1. I-EU3 + idla ngokusebenza kwi-C2 i-C2 ukuqhuba iguqulelo ye-elektroni ukusuka kwi-5D0 yamanqanaba, ngokukhulula i-fluorescence. I-EU3 + ingafezekisa utshintsho ovela kwi-Electroni yoMhlaba ukuya kwelona nqanaba lamandla aphantsi komhlaba ngaphakathi kwenqanaba lokukhanya elibonakalayo. Ngaphantsi kochulumanco lokukhanya kwe-Ultraviolet, i-EU3 + ibonisa ifoto eqinileyo ebomvu. Olu hlobo lwefoto alusebenzi kuphela kwi-EU3 + i-Ions kwi-ions kwi-crystal terstical okanye iiglasi, kodwa nakwizintskisi ezifanayoI-Europiumkunye ne-egatic ligand. Ezi zigands zinokusebenza njengama-entennas ukuba afumane i-linescence yokungena kunye nokudlulisela amandla okunxibelelana ngamanqanaba aphezulu e-EU3 + i-ions. Esona sicelo sibaluleke kakhuluI-Europiumngumgubo obomvu weFluorescentY2o3: I-EU3 + (yox) yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yezibane ze-fluorescent. Uchulumanyo olubomvu lwe-EU3 + lunokufumaneka kungekuphela kukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, kodwa kunye ne-ElectroviolOlunce kuphela, i-cathodolumence), i-cathodolcencer (i-Thoodolyolume), i-ray γ, i-facturiction, kunye neendlela zoomatshini, kunye neendlela zoomatshini. Ngenxa yepropathi yayo etyebileyo ye-LUMOST, yi-probe yebhayoloji esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwicandelo lesayensi ye-biomedical okanye lebhayoloji. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kuye kwavusa umdla wophando lweSayensi yoLwaphulo-mthetho kunye nabasebenzi beTekhnoloji kwicandelo lezenzululwazi, kwaye sibaluleka okufanelekileyo ekuphuculeni umahluko, ubuntununtunu, kunye nokukhetha umboniso womnwe.
Umzobo 1 i-EU3 + i-sperption spectragram
I-1, imigaqo-nkqubo yokukhanyaI-europium enqabileyoisbus
Imeko yomhlaba kunye ne-State Translorections ze-elektronikiI-EuropiumI-ion zombini zodidi lwe-4FN. Ngenxa yesiphumo esigqwesileyo se-S kunye ne-DI-Europiumii-ion kwi-4f i-4F, iinguqu zeFFI-EuropiumI-Ion yambonisa i-birp ebukhali kunye neendlela ezinde ze-fluorescence. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokusebenza kwefoto ye-Europium i-iOrtraviolet kunye nemimandla ebonakalayo yokukhanya, i-organic ligands isetyenziselwa ukwenza i-supers kunyeI-EuropiumI-ion yokuphucula i-action isebenze kwi-Ultraviolet kunye neMimandla ebonakalayo yokukhanya. I-fluorescence ikhutshwe nguI-EuropiumI-Superss ayinazo kuphela izibonelelo zobuqili obuphakamileyo kunye nokucoceka okuphezulu kwe-fluorescence, kodwa zinokuphuculwa ngokusebenzisa impumelelo yenkqubo ye-organic ye-ultraviolet nakwimimandla ebonakalayo yokukhanya. Amandla okucebisa afunelwaI-EuropiumIfoto ye-ion iphezulu ukusilela kokusebenza kakuhle kwe-fluorescence. Kukho imithetho emibini ephambili yeI-europium enqabileyoI-STOMSTER: Inye i-Photolumence, efuna i-ligond yeI-Europiumispanies; Enye inkalo yokuba isiphumo se-eriyali sinokuphucula ubuntununtunuI-Europiumi-ion i-lusunescence.
Emva kokuba nemincili yi-ultraviolet yangaphandle okanye ukukhanya okubonakalayo, i-werganic ligmnd kwiumhlaba onqabileyoUtshintsho oluntsonkothileyo ukusuka kwiLizwe le-S0 kwi-S1 eyonwabileyo ye-S1. I-Electrons yovuyo zikaRhulumente azizinzanga kwaye ibuyele kwiLizwe le-ST0 le-S0 nge-radiation, ikhupha amandla e-liglum ukuya kwi-Sface Study T1 okanye i-T2 yendlela engeyiyo i-TREALTION. Amazwe amathathu abonwabileyo amazwe akhupha amandla ngokuvelisa i-radiation uphos phosphorescence, okanye ukudlulisela amandla kwii-europium yentsimbii-ion ngogqithiso lwamandla e-radramolecular; Emva kokuba nemincili yenguqu, i-europium ye-europium ye-europium isuka kwiLizwe loMhlaba ukuya kwiLizwe elimnandi, kwayeI-EuropiumI-IYOS kwinguqu yemeko yovuyo ukuya kwinqanaba lamandla asezantsi, ekugqibeleni ubuyela kwimeko yomhlaba, ukukhulula amandla kunye nokuvelisa fluorescence. Ke ngoko, ngokwazisa i-ligand efanelekileyo yokunxibelelana nayoumhlaba onqabileyoI-ions kunye nemvakalelo ye-ion yentsimbi ephakathi ngogqithiso lwamandla angaphakathi kweemolekyuli, isiphumo se-Fluores yomhlaba onqabileyo sinokunyuka kakhulu kwaye imfuneko yamandla ogcweli angaphandle inokuncitshiswa. Le phenonon yaziwa njengesiphumo se-nquntena ye-ligands. Umzobo wenqanaba lamandla odluliselwa kwamandla kwi-EU3 + iboniswa kwi-2.
Kwinkqubo yokutshintshwa kwamandla kwi-Triplet State State kwi-EU3 +, inqanaba lamandla lweLigand Trippet State inyanzelekile ukuba iphakame okanye ilingane nenqanaba lamandla kwi-EU3 + elenzayo. Kodwa xa inqanaba lamandla omtshato ka-Ligland likhulu kakhulu kunolona lwalamano lusezantsi lwe-EU3 +, ukuhanjiswa kwempumelelo kwamandla kuya kuncitshiswa kakhulu. Xa umahluko phakathi kwemeko kathathu yeLigand kunye nemeko ephantsi ye-EU3 + incinci, ubukhulu befluoresces buza buthathaka ngenxa yefuthe lokonakala kwe-thermal. I-β - diketones supeces zinezinto eziluncedo kulungelelwaniso olunamandla lwe-UV, ubuchule obuqinileyo, ukudluliselwa kwamandla ngokufanelekileyo kunyeumhlaba onqabileyos, kwaye unokubakho kuzo zombini iifom eziqinileyo nezolwelo, zenze enye yezona zinto zisetyenziswa kakhulu zisetyenziswa kakhuluumhlaba onqabileyoI-STEAMS.
Umzobo 2 wenqanaba lomzobo wenqanaba lokudluliselwa kwamandla kwi-EU3 + i-Matrates
I-2.Synthesis indlela yeI-europium enqabileyoIsbus
2.1 Iqondo lokushisa eliphezulu-Litelthesis
Iqondo lokushisa eliphezulu-lelona xesha liqhelekileyo liyindlela eqhelekileyo esetyenzisiweyo ukulungiselelaumhlaba onqabileyoIzixhobo ze-luminescecent, kwaye zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimveliso yemizi mveliso. The high-temperature solid-state synthesis method is the reaction of solid matter interfaces under high temperature conditions (800-1500 ℃) to generate new compounds by diffusing or transporting solid atoms or ions. Iqondo lokushisa eliphezulu leqondo lokushisa lisetyenziselwa ukulungiselelaumhlaba onqabileyoI-STEAMS. Okokuqala, iireyithi zendawo zixutywe kwindawo ethile, kwaye inani elifanelekileyo le-flux yongezwa kudaka lwesixhobo sokugaya ngokucokisekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuxuba okucacileyo. Emva koko, umhlaba jikelele ubekwe kwindawo yobushushu obukhuselekileyo ukuze kuhlawulwe. Ngexesha lenkqubo yokuchongwa, i-oxidation, ukuncitshiswa, okanye igesi ye-intert inokugcwaliswa ngokweemfuno zenkqubo yovavanyo. Emva kokuhlawuliswa kobushushu obuphezulu, i-matrix enesakhiwo esithile sekristali sisenziwa, kwaye i-actinetor enqabileyo yongezwe kuyo ukwenza iziko le-luminescecent. Iimfuno ezikhoyo ezilahliweyo zokupholisa, ukugqobhoza, ukomisa, ukugaya, ukuhlawuliswa, kunye nokuhlolwa kubushushu begumbi ukufumana imveliso. Ngokubanzi, ukugaya okuninzi kunye nokubila iinkqubo kufuneka zifunwe. Ukugaya okuninzi kunokukhawulezisa isantya sokuphendula kwaye senze impendulo igqitywe ngakumbi. Kungenxa yokuba inkqubo yokugaya inyusa indawo yoqhakamshelwano, ukuphucula ikakhulu isantya sokwahluka kunye nesantya se-ion kunye neemolekyuli kwiimowudi, ngaloo ndlela ziphucula indlela yokusabela. Nangona kunjalo, amaxesha amaninzi okubalwa kwamaxesha kunye namaqondo obushushu aya kuba negalelo kwisakhiwo se-crystal matrix eyenziwe ngayo.
Indlela ephezulu yeqondo lokuhlala eliqinileyo-ilizwe linezibonelelo zokusebenza ngokulula, iindleko eziphantsi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwexesha elifutshane, kusenza itekhnoloji yokulungiselela. Nangona kunjalo, ezona ngxaki ziphambili zendlela ephezulu yobushushu bendlela eqinileyo-yendlela: Ekuqaleni, ubushushu obufunekayo obufuneka bukhulu kakhulu, bufuna izixhobo eziphezulu nezixhobo, kwaye kunzima ukulawula i-morphology yekristale. Imoribology yemveliso ayihambelani, kwaye ibangela ukuba imeko yekristale ibe yona, ichaphazela intsebenzo yekhefu. Okwesibini, ukugaya okungonelanga kwenza ukuba kube nzima kwi-reacys ukuba axube ngokulinganayo, kwaye amatakane amakristale akhulu. Ngenxa yencwadana yemigaqo okanye ukungcola koomatshini, ukungcola kuxubekile ukuba kuchaphazele i-leanecence, kukhokelela kwimveliso ephantsi yemveliso. Umcimbi wesithathu sisicelo esingalinganiyo kunye nokuxinana okungapheliyo ngexesha lenkqubo yokwenza isicelo. I-LAI et al. I-SRTETHERTER uthotho lwe-SR5 (PO4) 3cl i-3CL ye-pulychromatic i-polychromatic i-pilychromatic i-vollsces igcinwe i-EU3 + kunye ne-TB3 + isebenzisa ubushushu obushushu obuqinileyo. Ngaphantsi kwe-Ultraviolet, i-fluoresced powder inokuthoba umbala wephosphore kwingingqi eluhlaza ukuya kwingingqi eluhlaza, ukuphucula amaqondo obushushu aphezulu ahambelana nesalathiso esimhlophe esimhlophe. Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu yeyona ngxaki iphambili kwi-synthesis ye-borophosphate powlescent ze-fluorescent ze-fluorescent yindlela ephezulu yobushushu. Okwangoku, uninzi lwabaphengululi bazibophelela ekuphuhliseni nasekukhangeleni imatriki efanelekileyo ukusombulula ingxaki yokusebenzisa amaqondo obushushu aphezulu-moya. Ngo-2015, Hasegawa et al. Ugqibezele amaqondo obushushu aphantsi-chala-chaza i-li2nabp2o8 (i-LNBP) (LNBP) usebenzisa iqela le-P1 yenkqubo yenkqubo ye-triclinic okokuqala. Ngo-2020, Zhu et al. Uxele iqondo lokushisa eliphantsi le-synthesis ye-Noteltheis ye-Novel li2nabp2: I-EU3 + (i-EU) phosphor, i-Eu) I-phosnthel yendlela ye-Inorgasic.
I-2.2 Indlela yokuPhakathi
Indlela ye-COPIPUCTOP ikwayindlela eqhelekileyo "yekhemikhali yekhemikhali" yokulungiselela i-Inorganic Suminisces. Indlela ye-CORPUP ibandakanya ukongeza i-precipitant kwi-reactiment, enika ingxelo nganye kwi-APORDE ukuba ithathe i-oxiles, i-hydroxides, i-inkqiso, ukuhlamba, kunye nezinye iinkqubo. Iinzuzo zendlela ye-COORPUCHE yokusebenza ngokulula, ukusetyenziswa kwexesha nje elincinci, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla eziphantsi, kunye nokucoceka kwemveliso ephezulu. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo yayo kukuba ubungakanani bayo bobuncinci bunokuvelisa ngokungqalileyo nanocrystals. Iimbaleki zendlela ye-COORPUCTOPIPE yeyokuqala: Okokuqala, i-Aggregare yoThembo ifunyenwe kakhulu, echaphazela intsebenzo ye-luminescecent yezinto zeFluorecent; Okwesibini, imilo yemveliso ayicacanga kwaye kunzima ukuyilawula; Okwesithathu, kukho iimfuno ezithile zokukhethwa kwezinto ezingafunekiyo, kunye neemeko zolondolozo phakathi kweendawo nganye kufuneka zibe njalo okanye ezifanayo njengoko zilungelelene nokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezininzi zenkqubo. K. petcharoen et al. I-Sherical Spherical Agnetical Nanopalicles isebenzisa i-Ammonium hydroxide njengendlela ye-precipiitantiate kunye nekhemikhali. I-Acetic Acid kunye ne-oleic acid yaziswa njengabameli abaqengqelekayo ngexesha lokuqala kwekristali, kwaye ubungakanani be-Nanopartics ye-magnetite naphartical balawulwa ngaphakathi kwe-1-40nm ngokutshintsha kobushushu. I-NanoPlatical Elafacial Elaplociclous kwiSisombululo esinamanzi lafunyanwa ngokulungiswa okungaphezulu, ukuphucula imeko ye-Ageglomeration Gutnomenon yamasuntswana kwinkqubo ye-COCTUPE. U-Kee el al. Thelekisa iimpembelelo zendlela ye-hydrothermal kunye nendlela ye-COCIPECK kwimeko, isakhiwo, kunye nobungakanani be-euricle ye-EU-CSH. Bakhomba ukuba indlela ye-hydrothermal ivelisa i-nanoparcles, ngelixa indlela ye-COCIPE ivelisa i-submicic promatic mastissus. Xa kuthelekiswa nendlela ye-COCIPIPE, indlela ye-hydrothermal ibonisa ubunzulu bamakristali kunye ne-Photlumeticance ye-Photlumcence yobukhulu kumalungiselelo e-EU-Csh Powder. Jk han et al. Indlela yokuphuhlisa indlela ye-novel ye-noves usebenzisa isolvent ye-nolvent n, i-N-Dimethylformamoforforntury (DMF) Ukulungiselela (i-DMF) i-2sio4: I-EU2 i-SPECRE YOKUGQIBELA I-STINICS ENANo okanye I-SECMICE YOBUCHULE BOKUGQIBELA I-STERIC OKANYE IXESHA LOKUGQIBELA LWE-STEREMPLESOODS. I-DMF inokunciphisa ukuphendula kwePolymerizazazazazazazazazazation kwaye inciphise iqondo lokuphendula ngexesha lenkqubo yothintelo, encedisa ukukhusela ukwahlula-hlula.
2.3 I-Hydrothermal / isolvent yendlela ye-Synthesis ye-Synthesis
Indlela ye-hydrothermal yaqala phakathi kwe-19 yenkulungwane ye-19 xa oomanzi bejologi benza indalo. Kwinkulungwane yama-20, ithiyori ngokuthe ngcembe yakhula kwaye ngoku yenye yezona ndlela zithembisayo ze-chemisting. Indlela yeHydrothermal yinkqubo apho isisombululo samanzi okanye isisombululo esibonakalayo sisetyenziswa njengendawo ephakathi (yokuthutha iqondo elivaliweyo kunye nendawo evaliweyo. Ingqungquthela, ii-Ion kunye namaqela eemolekyuli ahlukane nobushushu obuphantsi ukuze ufumane i-recystallization. Iqondo lobushushu, ixabiso le-PH, ixesha lokuphendula, uxinzelelo, kunye nohlobo lwenkqubo ye-hydrolysis ichaphazela umyinge wokuphendula, imbonakalo yekristali, isakhiwo, kunye nokukhula kwedigri. Ukonyuka kweqondo lobushushu kungakhawulezi ukonakalisa kuphela izinto ezingafunekiyo, kodwa kwandise ukungqubana okusebenzayo kweemolekyuli zokukhuthaza ukwenziwa kwekristali. Amanqanaba ohlukeneyo okukhula kwenqwelomoya nganye yekristali kwiikristali ze-pl zezona zinto ziphambili ezichaphazela isigaba sekristali, ubungakanani, kunye nemorphology. Ubude bexesha lokuphendula ikwachaphazela ukukhula kwekristale, kunye nexesha elide, kokukhona kuya kuba yinto entle kakhulu kukukhula kwekristale.
Izibonelelo zendlela ye-hydrothel zibonakaliswa ikakhulu kwi: Ekuqaleni, ukucoceka okuphezulu, akukho lungelo lokungcola, ubungakanani besublares Okwesibini kukuba inkqubo yokusebenza ilula, iindleko ziphantsi, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kuphantsi. Uninzi lweendlela zokuphendula zenziwa ngokwamaqondo obushushu aphantsi, kwaye iimeko ezisabela lula. Uluhlu lwesicelo lubanzi kwaye lunokuhlangabezana neemfuno zokulungisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezixhobo; Okwesithathu, uxinzelelo longcoliseko lwendalo lusezantsi kwaye lunobuhlobo kwimpilo yabaqhubi. Iimpawu zayo eziphambili kukuba ukuphinda kwenzeke ngokuchasene nokusingqongileyo i-PH, ubushushu kunye nexesha, kwaye imveliso inomxholo weoksijini ephantsi.
Indlela ye-solvothermal isebenzisa izinyibilikisi ezisebenzayo njengendlela yokuphendula, eyandisa ukwenziwa kweendlela ze-hydrothermal. Ngenxa yomahluko obonakalayo kwiipropathi zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali phakathi kweminyitholi yendalo kunye namanzi, indlela yokuphendula inzima kakhulu, kwaye imbonakalo, ulwakhiwo, kunye nobungakanani bemveliso buyahluka ngakumbi. I-Nallappan et al. I-synthesterments crystals ezinemifanekiso eyahlukeneyo ephekiweyo eNanorod ngokulawula ixesha lokuphendula nge-hydrothermal esebenzisa iarhente ye-slodium ye-crystal ye-cryment ye-crystal ye-cryment ye-crystal ye-cryment. I-Diawen Hu et al. Izinto ezihlanganisiweyo ezizezinye ezijolise kwi-PolyoxymolybDenum Cobalt (i-Copma) kunye ne-UIO-67 okanye iqulethe amaqela e-Bipyriddl
2.4 Indlela ye-wol gell
Indlela ye-SOL Gel yindlela yemveli yekhemikhali yokulungiselela izixhobo ezisebenzayo ezisebenzayo, ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kulungiselelo lwee-nanomatolials zensimbi. Ngo-1846, uEllesmens kuqala wasebenzisa le ndlela ukulungiselela iSio2, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwayo bekungekavuthwa. Indlela yokulungiselela ikakhulu yokongeza i-ion yomhlaba enqabileyo kwisisombululo sokuqala sokuphendula ukwenza uqinisekile ukuba wenze ingcwaba, kwaye ijeli elungisiweyo ifumana imveliso ekujoliswe kuyo emva konyango lwethagethi. Iphosphor ye-phosphor eveliswe ngendlela ye-Sol Gel ineempawu ezintle kunye nempawu zesakhiwo, kwaye imveliso inobungakanani obuncinci obuncinci, kodwa i-LUMONIONIT iphuculwe. Inkqubo yokulungiselela ye-Sol-Gel ye-Gel ilula kwaye kulula ukusebenza, ubushushu bokuphendula buphantsi, kwaye ukusebenza kokukhuselekileyo kuphezulu, kwaye ixesha lonyango ngalinye lilinganiselwe. I-Gaponenkotho et al. I-Amorphous elungiselelwe i-Amorphous bhareji ye-bio2 ye-bibriigagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagagugation yeCebrifugation kunye nonyango lwe-SOL-Indlela ye-Sol-Gel? Ngo-2007, iqela lophando lwe-liu ly lathabatha ngempumelelo i-fluorescent ye-fluorescent ye-fluorescent kunye ne-ion ye-ion ye-EU3 + i-ion yentsimbi / i-selsitizer ye-ion ye-silica clecrals kwi-nanocoms esekwe kwi-sol gel. Ngokudibeneyo sezinto ezahlukeneyo zokupheliswa kweemvakalelo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kunye ne-Silica Nanopoous Cemplates, ukusetyenziswa kwetemplate ye-1,10-phenethroline (i-OP) i-tetraitizer kwi-tetraitien (i-OP) ibonelela nge-geraete ye-EURECRAL ye-EU3 +.
2.5 Indlela ye-microwave synthesis
Indlela ye-microwave synthesis yindlela entsha ye-microwave eluhlaza kunye nendlela yokungcola ethe xa kuthelekiswa nendlela eqinileyo-yombuso eqinileyo, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwicandelo lezinto ze-nanomateal syntheli, ebonisa i-Nanomatis Synthesim. I-microwave i-elektromagnetic wave enamaza phakathi kwe-1nn kunye ne-1m. Indlela yemicrowave yinkqubo apho amantshontsho e-microscopic khona ngaphakathi kwezinto zokuqala eziphantsi kwefuthe lokuziphatha kakuhle phantsi kwempembelelo ye-elektromagneticity yasentsimini yangaphandle. Njengokutshintsha kwendawo ye-microwave yombane, isindululo kunye nolungiselelo lokucwangciswa kwe-dipoles tshintsha ngokuqhubekayo. Impendulo ye-hysteresis ye-dipoles, kunye nokuguqulwa kwamandla abo eshushu ngaphandle kwemfuneko yokungqubana, ukungqubana, kunye nelahleko ye-Delectric phakathi kweemolekyuli ezishushu. Ngenxa yokuba i-microwave heating inokutshitshisa yonke inkqubo yokuqhuba ngokukhawuleza, ngokwenza inkqubela phambili yokulungiselela isantya, ukhuseleko oluhlaza, ubunyulu obuncinci kunye nolusulungekileyo kunye nococeko lwesigaba esiphezulu kunye nolusulungekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lweengxelo ezisebenzisa i-varboen ezifana ne-cirbon powder, fe3o4, kunye ne-mno2 ukuya kubonelela ngokungathanga ngqo. Izinto ezinokuthandwa ngokulula zii-microwaves kwaye zinokuvula ii-chasses ngokwazo zifuna ukuphononongwa kwakhona. Liu et al. Idityaniswe nendlela ye-COCIPECHE NGEEMPAHLA YOKUGQIBELA YOKUGQIBELA YOKUGQIBELA I-SPINEP ecocekileyo Linen2o4 kunye ne-morphology ye-poirous kunye nepropathi elungileyo.
I-2.6 indlela yokudibanisa
Indlela yokudibanisa isekwe kwiindlela zokufudumeza, ezisebenzisa i-organic into yezinto eziphilayo ukuze ivelise imveliso ekujoliswe kuyo emva kokuba isisombululo sikhutshiwe ukuba somile. Irhasi eveliswe yi-quanotion yezinto eziphilayo zinokuthoba ngokufanelekileyo ukuvela kwe-AgeGlomeration. Xa kuthelekiswa nendlela yokufudumeza karhulumente, kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwaye kufanelekile ukuba iimveliso ezinemfuno zobushushu eziphantsi. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yokuphendula ifuna ukongezwa kweenkqubo zezinto eziphilayo, ezinyusa iindleko. Le ndlela inomgangatho omncinci wokulungisa kwaye ayifanelekanga kwimveliso yemizi-mveliso. Imveliso eveliswa yindlela yokudibana inobungakanani obuncinci nolinganayo, kodwa ngenxa yenkqubo emfutshane yokuphendula, kunokubakho i-crystals engaphelelanga, echaphazela intsebenzo ye-crystals. I-Annen et al. Sebenzisa i-LA2O3, B2O3, kunye ne-MG njengezixhobo zokuqala kunye nokusebenzisa i-synthesing ye-subsotion yokuncedisa ukuvelisa i-lab6 ye-BOLCHE kwixesha elifutshane.
3. Ukusetyenziswa kweI-europium enqabileyoI-supersts kwiPhulo loManwe
Indlela yokubonisa i-powder yenye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo ze-claytic kunye nezekobuni. Okwangoku, imigudu ebonisa iminwe inokwahlulwa ibe ziindidi ezintathu: iipowder zemveli, ezinje ngemimandla ye-magnetic equlathwe ngumgubo wentsimbi kunye ne-carbon; I-powders zensimbi, enjengomgubo wegolide,umgubo wesilivere, kunye nezinye iipowder zensimbi kunye nesakhiwo senethiwekhi; I-Fluorescent Powder. Nangona kunjalo, ii-powder zemveli zihlala zinobunzima obucacileyo bokubonisa iminwe okanye iminwe yezinto ezindala kwizinto ezinzima, kwaye zinefuthe elithile elinetyhefu kwimpilo yabasebenzisi. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abasebenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nabasebenzi beTekhnoloji baye basibaleka ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-nano fluorescent yezinto zokubonisa umnwe. Ngenxa yepropathi ye-LUMORT ye-LUMORT ye-EU3 + kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kweumhlaba onqabileyoizinto,I-europium enqabileyoIzinto ezikhoyo zingabi yi-hotspot yophando kuphela kwicandelo lesayensi ye-forensic, kodwa ikwabonelela ngezimvo zophando ngokubanzi zokubonisa umnwe. Nangona kunjalo, i-EU3 + ngotywala okanye i-solids inezinto ezigwenxa zokukhanya kwaye kufuneka zidityaniswe ne-ligands ukuze ziqonde kwaye zikhuphe i-EU3 + yokubonisa iipropathi ze-fluorescence. Okwangoku, i-ligands eqhelekileyo isetyenziswa ikakhulu ibandakanya i-β_ikeboxlic acids kunye neetyuwa ze-carboxlelate, i-orlymers ye-orlic, i-supramolecular macrocycles, njl.I-europium enqabileyoI-STEDATES, ifunyenwe ukuba kwiimeko ezinomswakama, ukuntywila kweemolekyuli zeH2O kwiI-EuropiumIzinto ezinzima zinokubangela ukucingela ukukhanya. Ke ngoko, ukuze kufezekiswe ukukhetha okukhethekileyo kunye nokwahlula okuqinileyo kumboniso weminwe, kufuneka kwenziwe imizamo yokufunda indlela yokuphucula i-thermal kunye nokuzinza koomatshini kweI-EuropiumI-STEAMS.
Ngo-2007, iqela lophando lwe-liu l's yayinguvulindlela wokwazisaI-EuropiumMalunga nentsimi yokubonisa umnwe womnwe okokuqala ekhaya nakumazwe aphesheya. I-EUREORSECTTT ye-fluorescent enesitayile ye-EU3 + i-ion ye-ion ye-ion ye-ion ye-ion ye-ion ye-ion ifakwe kwindawo enokubanjwa ye-Sol Gel kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ze-fol, kubandakanya i-biil yegolide, iplasitiki, amagqabi amane kunye namagqabi aluhlaza. UPhando lweMpembelelo wazisa inkqubo yokulungiselela, i-UV / UVenkile, iimpawu ze-Fluorescence, kunye nelebheli yeziphumo zeziphumo ze-EU3 + / ze-OP / ze-OP / zeTous Nanocompossites.
Ngo-2014, iSeung jin rru et al. Okokuqala yakha i-EU3 + [EUCL2 (EUCL2 (Phen) 2 (H2O) 2] I-ECH2O) nge-hexahydiraI-Europium chloride. Ngendlela yokuphendula i-ion phakathi kwe-intedium sodium ion kunyeI-EuropiumI-ions entsonkothileyo, edibeneyo ye-Nano Hybrid (i-EU (i-EU (i-EU Ngaphantsi komsebenzi wesibane se-UV kwindawo ye-312NM, ezi zinto zimbini zingagcinwanga kuphela i-Photomenation Photomenta, kodwa inomgangatho ophakamileyo we-iron yelitye le-lithium, [EU (i-EU I-Soapstone inezinto ezingcono zobukhulu be-LUMINCECOCECE kune- [EU (Phen) 2] Ngo-2016, v sharma et al. I-Strothheed Ationsrontium Alummium (STRA2O4: EU2 +, DY3 +) I-Nano Bulvolncercerct i-Nanoscent Powder isebenzisa indlela yokudibana. Umgubo ulungele ukuboniswa kweminwe entsha neyakudala kwizinto ezithandekayo nezingafikeleliyo njengephepha elinemibala eliqhelekileyo, iphepha lokupakisha, i-Aluminium Foil, kunye neediski ze-Aluminium. Ayibonisi kuphela imvakalelo ephezulu kunye nokukhetha, kodwa ineempawu ezomeleleyo nezihlala ixesha elide emva kwexesha. Ngo-2018, wang et al. ilungiselelwe i-canopcurticals (i-ESM-NP)I-Europium, I-Sarium, kunye neManganese nge-avareer ephakathi ye-30NM. I-Nanopargarles yayi ne-Ecurgics I-AmPighshilic Ligands, ivumela ukuba basasazeke ngendlela efanayo emanzini ngaphandle kokuphulukana nefloorescence yawo; Ukuguqulwa kwe-Ism-Np And-Dodecylthiol kunye ne-11-Mercaptounic Acid (i-Arg-DT-DT) / i-ARG-DT) / i-AUA @ ESM-CASS I-NPS ye-Fluorestance ebhalwe nge-charrolysis kwi-challrolysis kwi-Nano Bulder. Lo mgubo weFluorescent akawubonakalisi nje kuphela iminwe enokubakho kwizinto ezinjengee-aluminiyam foil, kodwa ungafuni ukuba wenze imithombo ye-aluminium, kodwa ikwanoluhlu lwe-piles enobunzima bokubonisa uthotho lwe-genaryI-EuropiumI-STANTS [EU (i-EU Ngaphantsi kwe-245nm i-iltraviolet yokukhanya yokukhanya, iminwe enokubakho kwizinto ezinjengeeplastiki kunye neempawu zentengiso zinokuboniswa ngokucacileyo. Ngo-2019, i-Sung Jun Park et al. I-YBO3: LN3 + (LN = EU, i-EU, i-phosphors ngendlela yeSollothermal, ngokufanelekileyo ukuphuculwa kokufumana amandla omnwe kunye nokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwendlela. Ngo-2020, Prabakelan et al. Iphuhlise i-fluorescent na [i-EU (5,50 i-DMBP) (PHEN) 3] 3] 2] I-NAU (5,5 '- i-DBEP) (PHIN) 3] I-CK3 yabhalwa nge-3,5' - i-EU (i-EU (i-EU (i-EU (i-Dhen) (PHN) ye-3] ngendlela ye-Ardlon. I-3 / D-dextrase ihambahamba. Ngeemvavanyo, umyinge unokubonisa ngokucacileyo iminwe kwizinto ezinje ngebhotile yeplastiki, iglasi, kunye nemali yase Mzantsi Afrika phantsi kocutha we-365nm ye-365nm okanye i-Ultraviolet yentsebenzo. Ngo-2021, Dan Zhang et al. Inziwe ngempumelelo kwaye idityaniswe ne-Novelhenuclear EU3 + i-EUD ye-EU6 (PPA) 18cp-Typt enezindlu ezintandathu zokubopha (<50 ℃) kwaye inokusetyenziselwa umboniso weminwe. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iimvavanyo ziyafuneka ukumisela uhlobo lwayo olufanelekileyo lweendwendwe. Ngo-2022, l brini et al. I-EU: Y2SN2SN2Sn2Sn2Sn2Sn2Sn I-Fluorescence engaphantsi kwe-254nm Ultraviolet kunye ne-Fleorescence engaphantsi kwe-980nm ekufuphi ne-880nm ekufuphi ne-infrared, ukufezekisa ukuboniswa kwemowudi emibini kwiminwe enokubakho kwindwendwe. Umzobo onokubakho wezinto ezinjengeethayile ze-ceramic, amaphepha eplastiki, i-Aluminium Allows, iphepha le-Aluminium, kunye nephepha legama elinombala onomdla wokuphazamiseka kwemvelaphi.
I-4 Outloe
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uphando kwiI-europium enqabileyoIzinto ezikhoyo zitsalele ingqalelo enkulu, ngenxa yeepropathi zabo ezilungileyo nezingafaniyo ezifana nobunzulu bomoya obuphezulu, ukucoceka okuphezulu, ixesha elide le-Fluorescence, i-fluorescence yobomi, i-Fluorescence ye-Fluorescence, i-Grounce yamandla kunye ne-GAPSE ye-visption peasks. Ngokwenza nzulu kophando kwizixhobo ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, izicelo zabo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yokukhanyisa kunye nokubonisa, ishishini lolwazi, ezolimo, i-Fluoresces, i-Fluoresces, i-Fluores, i-Fluoreses, njl. Iipropathi zamehlo zeI-EuropiumIintsomi zilungile, kwaye amasimi azo wesicelo ayanda kancinci. Nangona kunjalo, ukungabikho kwabo kozinzo lwe-thermal, iipropathi zoomatshini, kunye nokuphuculwa kuyakunciphisa umda kwizicelo zabo ezisebenzayo. Ukusuka kwimbono yangoku yophando, uphando lophando malunga neempawu ezibonakalayo zeI-EuropiumI-Supents kwicandelo lesayensi ye-forensic kufuneka igxile ikakhulu ekuphuculeni iipropathi zamehlo zeI-EuropiumMalunga nokusombulula iingxaki zosulelo lwe-fluorescent ukuba zithambekele kwindawo enomswakam, ukugcina uzinzo kunye nokusebenza ngokuphumelela kweI-EuropiumIzinto ezikhoyo kwizisombululo ezizeleyo. Kule mihla, inkqubela phambili yoluntu kunye nesayensi kunye netekhnoloji ibeke phambili iimfuno eziphezulu zokulungiselela izixhobo ezitsha. Ngelixa ihlangana neemfuno zesicelo, kufuneka ihambelane neempawu zeyilo eyahlukeneyo kunye neendleko eziphantsi. Ke, phanda ngakumbiI-EuropiumIzinto ezifumanekayo zibaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso lwe-Chie oPhezulu lomhlaba onqabileyo kunye nophuhliso lweSayensi yoLwaphulo-mthetho kunye neTekhnoloji.
IXESHA LOKUQALA: I-NoV-01-2023