Kukho uhlobo lwentsimbi olunomlingo kakhulu.Kubomi bemihla ngemihla, ibonakala ikwimo engamanzi njengemekyuri.Ukuba uyiphosa enkonkxeni, uya kumangaliswa kukufumanisa ukuba ibhotile iya iba cekeceke njengephepha, yaye iya kwaphuka nje ngepoki.Ukongezelela, ukulahla kwiintsimbi ezifana nobhedu kunye nentsimbi kubangela le meko, enokuthiwa "i-metal terminator".Yintoni ebangela ukuba ibe neempawu ezinjalo?Namhlanje siza kungena kwihlabathi le-metal gallium.
1, Yintoni isiqalelointsimbi ye-gallium
I-Gallium element ikwixesha lesine leqela le-IIA kwitheyibhile yeperiodic yezinto.Indawo yokunyibilika ye-gallium ecocekileyo iphantsi kakhulu, kuphela i-29.78 ℃, kodwa indawo yokubilisa iphezulu njenge-2204.8 ℃.Ehlotyeni, uninzi lwayo luba lulwelo kwaye lunokunyibilika xa lubekwe entendeni.Ukususela kwezi zakhiwo zingasentla, sinokuqonda ukuba i-gallium inokugqwala ezinye iintsimbi ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yendawo ephantsi yokunyibilika kwayo.Ulwelo lwegallium lubumba ialloys nezinye iintsimbi, nto leyo eyenzeka ngomlingo ekhankanywe ngaphambilana.Umxholo wayo kwi-Earth crust imalunga ne-0.001% kuphela, kwaye ubukho bayo abuzange bufunyanwe kude kube yiminyaka eyi-140 eyadlulayo.Ngo-1871, usokhemisti waseRashiya uMendeleev washwankathela itafile yeziqalelo kwaye waqikelela ukuba emva kwe-zinc, kukho kwakhona into engaphantsi kwe-aluminiyam, eneempawu ezifanayo kwi-aluminiyam kwaye ibizwa ngokuba "yi-aluminiyam efana ne-element".Ngomnyaka we-1875, xa isazinzulu saseFransi uBowabordland wayefunda imithetho yomgca we-spectral yezinto zetsimbi zentsapho enye, wafumana ibhanti yokukhanya engaqhelekanga kwi-sphalerite (ZnS), ngoko wafumana le "aluminium efana ne-element", waza wayibiza ngegama lelizwe lakhe. France (Gaul, isiLatin Gallia), kunye nesimboli Ga ukumela le element, ngoko gallium yaba yinto yokuqala eqikelelweyo kwimbali yokufunyanwa kwento yemichiza, emva koko yafumana into eqinisekisiweyo kwimifuniselo.
I-Gallium isasazwa kakhulu e-China, eJamani, eFransi, e-Australia, e-Kazakhstan nakwamanye amazwe ehlabathi, apho i-gallium yokugcina i-gallium yase-China ithatha ngaphezu kwe-95% yehlabathi lonke, isasazwa e-Shanxi, e-Guizhou, e-Yunnan, e-Henan, e-Guangxi. kunye nezinye iindawo [1].Ngokubhekiselele kuhlobo lokuhanjiswa, iShanxi, iShandong kunye nezinye iindawo zihlala zikhona kwi-bauxite, Yunnan kunye nezinye iindawo kwi-tin ore, kunye neHunan kunye nezinye iindawo zihlala zikhona kwi-sphalerite.Ekuqaleni kokufunyanwa kwesinyithi se-gallium, ngenxa yokungabikho kophando oluhambelanayo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwayo, abantu baye bahlala bekholelwa ukuba yintsimbi enokusebenziseka okuphantsi.Nangona kunjalo, ngophuhliso oluqhubekayo lweteknoloji yolwazi kunye nexesha lamandla amatsha kunye nobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, isinyithi se-gallium sifumene ingqalelo njengento ebalulekileyo kwinkalo yolwazi, kwaye imfuno yayo iye yanda kakhulu.
2, Iinkalo zeSicelo zeMetal Gallium
1. Intsimi ye-semiconductor
I-Gallium isetyenziswa kakhulu kwintsimi yezinto eziphathekayo ze-semiconductor, kunye ne-gallium arsenide (GaAs) izinto ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwaye iteknoloji ikhulile kakhulu.Njengomthwali wokusasazwa kolwazi, izixhobo ze-semiconductor zibalelwa kwi-80% ukuya kwi-85% yokusetyenziswa iyonke ye-gallium, esetyenziswa ikakhulu kunxibelelwano olungenazingcingo.I-Gallium arsenide amplifiers yamandla inokunyusa isantya sothungelwano lonxibelelwano ukuya kumaxesha e-100 amanethiwekhi e-4G, angadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekungeneni kwixesha le-5G.Ngaphezu koko, i-gallium ingasetyenziselwa njengendawo yokutshatyalaliswa kobushushu kwizicelo ze-semiconductor ngenxa yeempawu zayo ze-thermal, indawo encibilikayo ephantsi, i-conductivity ephezulu ye-thermal, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuhamba.Ukusebenzisa isinyithi se-gallium ngendlela ye-gallium esekelwe kwi-alloy kwi-interface ye-thermal interface inokuphucula amandla okutshatyalaliswa kobushushu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamacandelo e-elektroniki.
2. Iiseli zelanga
Uphuhliso lweeseli zelanga luhambile ukusuka kwiiseli zelanga ze-monocrystalline ze-silicon zaya kwiiseli zefilimu ze-polycrystalline silicon.Ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu ze-polycrystalline silicon iiseli zefilimu ezincinci, abaphandi baye bafumanisa i-copper indium gallium selenium ifilimu encinci yefilimu (CIGS) kwiiseli ze-semiconductor [3].Iiseli ze-CIGS zineenzuzo zeendleko eziphantsi zokuvelisa, ukuveliswa kwe-batch enkulu, kunye nesantya esiphezulu sokuguqulwa kwe-photoelectric, ngaloo ndlela ibe nethemba lophuhliso olubanzi.Okwesibini, iiseli zelanga ze-gallium arsenide zineenzuzo ezibalulekileyo ekuguquleni ukusebenza kakuhle xa kuthelekiswa neeseli zefilimu ezincinci ezenziwe ngezinye izinto.Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yexabiso eliphezulu lemveliso yezinto ze-gallium arsenide, okwangoku zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwindawo ye-aerospace kunye nemikhosi yomkhosi.
3. Amandla e-hydrogen
Ngokunyuka kolwazi malunga nengxaki yamandla kwihlabathi liphela, abantu bafuna ukubuyisela imithombo yamandla engahlaziyekiyo, apho amandla e-hydrogen agqamayo.Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso eliphezulu kunye nokhuseleko oluphantsi lokugcinwa kwe-hydrogen kunye nokuthutha luthintela ukuphuhliswa kobu buchwepheshe.Njengeyona nto ininzi yentsimbi kwi-crust, i-aluminiyam inokusabela ngamanzi ukuvelisa i-hydrogen phantsi kweemeko ezithile, eyona nto ifanelekileyo yokugcina i-hydrogen, nangona kunjalo, ngenxa ye-oxidation elula yobuso be-aluminiyam yesinyithi ukwenza ifilimu eshinyeneyo ye-aluminium oxide. , ethintela ukusabela, abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba indawo ephantsi yokunyibilika kwensimbi ye-gallium inokwenza i-alloy kunye ne-aluminium, kwaye i-gallium inokunyibilikisa i-aluminium oxide engaphezulu, evumela ukusabela ukuba kuqhubeke [4], kwaye i-gallium yensimbi inokuphinda isetyenziswe kwaye isetyenziswe .Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-aluminium gallium alloy kusombulula kakhulu ingxaki yokulungiswa ngokukhawuleza kunye nokugcinwa okukhuselekileyo kunye nokuthuthwa kwamandla e-hydrogen, ukuphucula ukhuseleko, uqoqosho kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo.
4. Intsimi yezonyango
I-Gallium isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwicandelo lezonyango ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezikhethekileyo zemitha, enokuthi isetyenziswe ekucingeni nasekuvimbeleni izicubu ezinobungozi.Iikhompawundi ze-Gallium zinemisebenzi ecacileyo ye-antifungal kunye ne-antibacterial, kwaye ekugqibeleni iphumelele inzala ngokuphazamisa i-metabolism ye-bacterial.Kwaye ialloyi zegallium zingasetyenziselwa ukwenza ithemometha, njengegallium indium tin tin thermometers, uhlobo olutsha lwealloy yensimbi engamanzi ekhuselekileyo, engeyiyo eyityhefu, kwaye enokusingqongileyo, kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ukubuyisela iithemometha eziyityhefu zemercury.Ukongeza, umlinganiselo othile we-alloy esekwe kwi-gallium ithatha indawo ye-amalgam yesilivere yemveli kwaye isetyenziswa kwizicelo zeklinikhi njengento entsha yokuzalisa amazinyo.
3, Outlook
Nangona iTshayina ingomnye wabavelisi abaphambili begallium ehlabathini, kusekho iingxaki ezininzi kwishishini laseTshayina legallium.Ngenxa yomxholo ophantsi we-gallium njenge-mineral edibeneyo, amashishini okuvelisa i-gallium ahlakazekile, kwaye kukho amakhonkco abuthathaka kwi-industrial chain.Inkqubo yokwembiwa kwemigodi inongcoliseko olumandla lwendalo esingqongileyo, kwaye amandla okuvelisa i-high-purity gallium abuthathaka, ikakhulu kuxhomekeke ekuthumeleni ngaphandle i-gallium erhabaxa ngamaxabiso aphantsi kunye nokungenisa igallium esulungekisiweyo ngamaxabiso aphezulu.Nangona kunjalo, ngophuhliso lwenzululwazi nobuchwepheshe, ukuphuculwa kwemigangatho yokuphila kwabantu, kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwegallium kwimimandla yolwazi namandla, imfuno ye-gallium nayo iya kwanda ngokukhawuleza.Itekhnoloji yemveliso ebuyileyo ye-high-purity gallium ngokuqinisekileyo iya kuba nemithintelo kuphuhliso lweshishini laseTshayina.Ukuphuhlisa itekhnoloji entsha kubaluleke kakhulu ekuphumezeni uphuhliso olukumgangatho ophezulu wesayensi kunye nethekhinoloji eTshayina.
Ixesha lokuposa: May-17-2023