Inani leatom yeinto yethuliumyi-69 kwaye ubunzima bayo be-athomu yi-168.93421.Umxholo osemhlabeni sisibini kwisithathu se-100000, eyona nto incinci phakathi kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba.Ifumaneka kakhulu kwi-silico beryllium yttrium ore, igolide enqabileyo emnyama enqabileyo yomhlaba, i-phosphorus yttrium ore, kunye ne-monazite.Ubuninzi beqhekeza lezinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kwi-monazite ngokubanzi zifikelela kwi-50%, kunye ne-thulium accounting ye-0.007%.I-isotope ezinzileyo yendalo i-thulium 169 kuphela. Isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwimithombo yokukhanya yokuvelisa amandla aphezulu, iilaser, ii-superconductors eziphezulu, kunye nezinye iindawo.
Ukufumana iMbali
Ifunyanwe ngu: PT Cleve
Yafunyanwa ngo-1878
Emva kokuba iMossander yahlulahlule umhlaba we-erbium kunye ne-terbium yomhlaba kwi-yttrium earth ngo-1842, iikhemisti ezininzi zasebenzisa uhlalutyo lwe-spectral ukuchonga nokufumanisa ukuba yayingezizo iioksidi ezicocekileyo zento, nto leyo eyakhuthaza iikhemisti ukuba ziqhubeke zizahlula.Emva kokuhlukanai-ytterbium oxidekwayeiscandium oxideukusuka kwisithiyelo esine-oxidized, uCliff wohlula ii-elemental oxides ezimbini ezintsha ngo-1879. Enye yazo yathiywa ngokuba yithulium ukukhumbula ilizwe likaCliff kuSingasiqithi weScandinavia (Thulia), kunye nesimboli yesiqalelo esingu-Tu kwaye ngoku Tm.Ngokufunyaniswa kwethulium kunye nezinye izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, esinye isiqingatha senqanaba lesithathu lokufunyanwa kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba sele sigqityiwe.
Ubume be-electron
Ubume be-electron
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f13
Thuliumyintsimbi emhlophe yesilivere ene-ductility kwaye inokusikwa ivuleke ngemela ngenxa yokuthambile kwayo;Indawo yokunyibilika i-1545 ° C, indawo yokubilisa i-1947 ° C, ubuninzi be-9.3208.
I-Thulium izinzile emoyeni;I-Thulium oxideyikristale eluhlaza.Ityuwa (divalent salt) oxides zonke ziluhlaza okhanyayo ngombala.
Isicelo
Nangona ithulium inqabile kwaye ibiza kakhulu, isenazo ezinye izicelo kwiindawo ezikhethekileyo.
Umthombo wokukhanya wokukhutshwa okukhulu
I-Thulium idla ngokungeniswa kwimithombo yokukhanya ekhupha amandla aphezulu ngohlobo lwe-halides yococeko oluphezulu (idla ngokuba yi-thulium bromide), ngenjongo yokusebenzisa i-spectrum ye-thulium.
ILaser
I-doped yttrium aluminium garnet emithathu (Ho: Cr: Tm: YAG) i-solid-state pulse laser inokuveliswa ngokusebenzisa i-ion thulium, i-chromium ion, kunye ne-holmium ion kwi-yttrium aluminium garnet, ekwazi ukukhupha ubude be-2097 nm;Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwimimandla yomkhosi, ezonyango, nakwizemozulu.Ubude be-laser obukhutshwa yi-thulium doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Tm: YAG) i-solid-state pulse laser isuka kwi-1930 nm ukuya kwi-2040 nm.Ukukhutshwa kwamanzi kumphezulu weethishu kusebenza kakhulu, njengoko kunokuthintela ukuhlwitha ukuba kunzulu kakhulu emoyeni nasemanzini.Oku kwenza iilaser zethulium zibe nesakhono esikhulu sokwenziwa kotyando olusisiseko lwelaser.I-Thulium laser iyasebenza kakhulu ekukhupheni umphezulu wethishu ngenxa yamandla ayo aphantsi kunye namandla angena, kwaye inokujiya ngaphandle kokubangela amanxeba anzulu.Oku kwenza iilaser zethulium zibe nesakhono esikhulu sokwenziwa kotyando lwelaser
I-Thulium doped laser
Umthombo weX-ray
Ngaphandle kweendleko eziphezulu, izixhobo zeX-reyi eziphathwayo ezinethulium sele ziqalisile ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengemithombo yemitha kwiintshukumo zenyukliya.Le mithombo yemitha inobomi obumalunga nonyaka omnye kwaye ingasetyenziswa njengezixhobo zonyango kunye nezixhobo zokuxilonga amazinyo, kunye nezixhobo zokubona iziphene kumacandelo oomatshini kunye ne-elektroniki ekunzima ukufikelela kuyo ngabasebenzi.Le mithombo yokusasazeka ayifuni ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo lokusasazeka – kuphela umlinganiselo omncinci welothe ofunekayo.Ukusetyenziswa kwe-thulium 170 njengomthombo wokusasazeka kwemitha yonyango olusondeleyo lomhlaza kuya kusanda.Le isotopu has a isiqingatha-ubomi 128.6 iintsuku kunye nemigca emihlanu ekhutshwayo ngamandla kakhulu (7.4, 51.354, 52.389, 59.4, kunye 84.253 volts kiloelectron).I-Thulium 170 ikwangomnye wemithombo emine esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwimizi-mveliso.
Izinto eziphezulu zokushisa eziphezulu
Ngokufanayo ne-yttrium, i-thulium iphinda isetyenziswe kwi-superconductors ephezulu yokushisa.I-Thulium inexabiso elinokubakho kwi-ferrite njengemathiriyeli ye-ceramic magnetic esetyenziswa kwisixhobo se-microwave.Ngenxa yobume bayo obukhethekileyo, ithulium ingafakwa ekukhanyisweni kwesibane se-arc njenge-scandium, kwaye ukukhanya okuluhlaza okukhutshwa zizibane ze-arc kusetyenziswa i-thulium akusayi kugqunywa yimigca yokukhupha yezinye izinto.Ngenxa yokukwazi ukukhupha i-fluorescence eluhlaza phantsi kwemitha ye-ultraviolet, ithulium ikwasetyenziswa njengenye yeempawu ezichasene nenkohliso kwiimali ezibhanga imali ye-euro.I-fluorescence eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ekhutshwa yi-calcium sulfate edityaniswe nethulium isetyenziswa kwidosimetry yomntu ukufunyaniswa kwethamo lemitha.
Ezinye izicelo
Ngenxa yobume bayo obukhethekileyo, ithulium ingafakwa kwisibane se-arc esifana ne-scandium, kwaye ukukhanya okuluhlaza okukhutshwa zizibane ze-arc eziqulethe i-thulium akusayi kugqunywa yimigca yokukhupha yezinye izinto.
I-Thulium ikhupha i-fluorescence eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka phantsi kwemitha ye-ultraviolet, iyenza ibe yenye yeempawu ezichasene ne-counterfeiting kwiibhanki ze-euro.
I-Euro phantsi kwe-UV irradiation, kunye neempawu ezicacileyo ezichasene ne-counterfeiting ebonakalayo
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-25-2023