Inqaku lomhlaba elinqabileyo loMhlaba: Thulium

Inombolo yeatomic yeInqaku leThuliumI-69 kunye nobunzima bayo yeatom yi-168.93421. Umxholo kwi-rust yomhlaba sisibini kwisithathu se-100000, yeyiphi eyona nto incinci phakathi kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. Kukuphakathi kuSilico Beryllium Yttrium yeTetrium Ore, igolide emnyama yegolide, phosphorus Yrerium Ore, kunye neMonazi. Iqhezu elikhulu lezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba eMonazite ngokubanzi ifikelela kwi-50%, ene-akhawunti ye-thulium ye-0.007%. I-isotoupe eqingqiweyo yendalo i-Thulium ye-169. Isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwimithombo yokukhanya yamandla aphezulu, i-lars, amaqondo aphezulu ase-Supercondis, kunye namanye amasimi.

Ukufumanisa imbali

Ifunyenwe ngu: pt clive

Ifunyenwe ngo-1878

Emva kokuba i-mossander yomhlaba wahlula umhlaba kunye neTerbim umhlaba ovela emhlabeni ngo-1842, uninzi lwamachiza alusebenzise uhlalutyo olubonakalayo lokuchonga nokufumanisa ukuba i-oxism yezinto ezenziwayo ziqhubeke nokwahlulahlula. Emva kokwahlulaytterbium oxidekwayeI-Scandium Oxideukusuka kwi-oxidid bait, i-Cliff yahlula-hlula ii-oxidee zezinto ezitsha ezibini ngo-1879. Omnye wabo wabizwa ngokuba yiThuli yaseScandinavian penifla (Thulia), kunye nophawu lwezinto. Ngokufunyanwa kweThulium kunye nezinye izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, esinye isiqingatha senqanaba lesithathu lokufunyanwa kwenqanaba elinqabileyo lomhlaba ligqityiwe.

Isimo se-elektronte

Isimo se-elektronte
I-1s2 2s2 2P6 3s2 3P6 4P6 4s2 3D10 4P6 4S2 4S2 4s2 4s2 4k13

Intsimbi

GuliumNgaba isinyithi esimhlophe esimhlophe nge-tenity kwaye sinokunqunyulwa sivulekile ngommese ngenxa yokufumana ingqokelela yayo ethambileyo; Inqaku lokunyibilika 1545 ° C, inqaku lokubila 1947 ° C, uxinzelelo 9.3208.

I-Thulium ihlala emoyeni;Tulium oxideyikristali eluhlaza. Ityiwa (ityiwa ityiwa) i-oxide iluhlaza iluhlaza.

Isicelo

Nangona i-tulium inqabile kwaye ibiza kakhulu, isenazo ezinye iinkqubo kwimimandla ekhethekileyo.

Ukuqina okuphezulu kokukhupha umthombo wokukhanya

I-Thulium idla ngokuziswa kwimithombo yokukhanya eqaqambileyo eqaqambileyo kwifom yeendlela eziphezulu zokucoceka eziphezulu (zihlala bromium bromide), ngenjongo yokusebenzisa i-tulium yeThulium. 

I-laser

I-Onetrium ye-Alltrium ye-Alltrium ye-Ominum i-Getner (HR: I-Yag) i-Laser eqinileyo-State inokuthi iveliswe ngokusebenzisa i-tulium ye-tuminum gauminum ganunum pagnet, enokuthi ikhuphe i-ntgeledy ye-2097 ye-NM; Isetyenziswe ngokubanzi emkhosini, kwezonyango, kunye neMetarological. The wavelength of the laser emitted by the thulium doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Tm: YAG) solid-state pulse laser ranges from 1930 nm to 2040 nm. I-adrating kumphezulu wezicubu ziyasebenza kakhulu, njengoko zinokuthi zithintele i-clotting ekubeni ingena nzulu kakhulu kumanzi kunye namanzi. Oku kwenza ukuba abars tulium banokubakho ukubakho kwesicelo kwi-laser esisiseko ye-laser. I-Thulium Laser isebenza kakhulu ekuqhubeni i-tissue ye-tissue ngenxa yamandla ayo aphantsi kwaye ingena engqungqweni, kwaye inokudibanisa ngaphandle kokubangela amanxeba anzulu. Oku kwenza ukuba abathengisi baseThulium banokubakho okukhulu ekusebenziseni utyando lase-Laser

I-Thulium down

I-X-ray yomthombo

Ngaphandle kweendleko eziphezulu, izixhobo ze-X-ray eziphathwayo ezikwi-hulium ziqale zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi njengemithombo yolwazi kwi-Nuleartion. Le mithombo inobomi be-radiation inamaxesha athile onyaka kwaye inokusetyenziswa njengezixhobo zonyango kunye namazinyo, kunye nezixhobo zokufumanisa izibonelelo zezinto ezikhoyo kunye ne-elektroniki ekunzima ukufikelela kuzo. Le mithombo imithombo ayifuni ukukhuselwa kwe-radiation ye-radiation-kuphela isikhokelo esincinci esifunekayo. Ukusetyenziswa kweThulium 170 njengeyona mithombo yemitha yomhla womhlaza osondeleyo kuya kusinda ngakumbi. This isotope has a half-life of 128.6 days and five emission lines of considerable intensity (7.4, 51.354, 52.389, 59.4, and 84.253 kiloelectron volts). I-Thulium 170 yenye yezona zinto zine radio isetyenziselwa imithombo.

Iqondo lokushisa eliphezulu

I-Ytrium, i-gulium ikwasetyenziswa nakwiindawo ezinobushushu eziphezulu. I-Thulium inokuthi isebenzise ixabiso lokusebenzisa i-Ferrite njengezinto ze-ceramic ezisetyenziswa kwizixhobo ze-microwave. Ngenxa ye-turectum yayo eyahlukileyo, i-tulium ingasetyenziswa kwi-ARC Lamp ekhanyayo, kwaye ukukhanya okuluhlaza kutshwe zii-ARC Lamps usebenzisa i-hulium ayiyi kugutyungelwa yimigca yokukhutshwa kwezinye izinto. Ngenxa yokukwazi kwayo ukukhupha i-Fluorescence phantsi kwe-radiation ye-Urtraviolet, i-Thulium ikwasetyenziswa njengenye yeempawu ezichasene ne-anti-forfetes kwi-Euro ye-Euro. I-fasorescence eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ikhutshwe yi-calcium ye-calcium yongezwa ngeThulium isetyenziswa kwi-dosimetry yobuqu ye-radiation yedoni.

Ezinye iinkqubo

Ngenxa ye-tulium yayo eyahlukileyo, i-tulium ingasetyenziswa kwi-ARC Lamp ekhanyayo, kwaye ukukhanya kweGreen kukhutshelwe zi-ARC Lamps ezineThulium aziyi kugutyungelwa yimigca yokuphuma kwezinye izinto.

I-Thulium ikhupha i-fluorescence eblue phantsi kwemitha ye-ultraviolet, eyisenza enye yeempawu ezichasene ne-anti-forfee kwi-euro ye-euro.

I-Euro phantsi koradiation ye-UV, kunye namanqaku acocekileyo ahlekisayo abonakalayo