I-Praseodymiumyinto yesithathu eyona ininzi kakhulu yelanthanide kwitheyibhile ye periodic yezinto zekhemikhali, kunye nobuninzi be 9.5 ppm kuqweqwe, ngaphantsi kuphela kunei-cerium, iyttrium,lanthanum, kwayescandium.Yesihlanu eyona nto ininzi kwimihlaba enqabileyo.Kodwa njengegama lakhe,ipraseodymiumlilungu elilula nelingazihombisiyo lentsapho yasemhlabeni enqabileyo.
UCF Auer Von Welsbach wafumanisa ipraseodymium ngo-1885.
Ngo-1751, i-mineralogist yaseSweden uAxel Fredrik Cronstedt wafumana iminerali enzima kwindawo yemigodi yaseBastn äs, eyathi kamva yabizwa ngokuba yi-cerite.Kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu emva koko, uVilhelm Hisinger oneminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu osuka kusapho olwaluphethe lo mgodi wathumela iisampulu zakhe kuCarl Scheele, kodwa akazange afumanise naziphi na izinto ezintsha.Ngomnyaka we-1803, emva kokuba uSinger waba ngumkhandi wesinyithi, wabuyela kwindawo yemigodi kunye no-J ö ns Jacob Berzelius waza wahlula i-oxide entsha, iplanethi encinci iCeres, abayifumanisa kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo.UCeria wahlulwa ngokuzimeleyo nguMartin Heinrich Klaproth eJamani.
Phakathi kowe-1839 no-1843, ugqirha wotyando nosokhemisti waseSweden uCarl Gustaf Mosander wafumanisa ukubai-cerium oxideibingumxube weeoxides.Wahlula ezinye iioxide ezimbini, awazibiza ngokuba yilanthana nedidymia ngokuthi “didymia” (gama elo elithetha “amawele” ngesiGrike).Yena ngokuyinxenye ukubolacerium nitrateisampuli ngokuyigcada emoyeni, kwaye emva koko bayiphathe nge-dilute nitric acid ukufumana i-oxide.Iintsimbi ezenza ezi oksidi zithiywalanthanumkwayeipraseodymium.
Ngomnyaka we-1885, uCF Auer Von Welsbach, wase-Austrian owasungula i-thorium cerium vapor lamp gauze cover, wahlula ngempumelelo "i-praseodymium neodymium", "amawele adibeneyo", apho ityuwa yepraseodymium eluhlaza kunye netyuwa ye-neodymium enemibala yahlulwa kwaye yazimisela ukuba yahlulwe. izinto ezimbini ezintsha.Omnye ubizwa ngokuba yi "Praseodymium", elivela kwigama lesiGrike elithi prason, elithetha i-compound eluhlaza kuba isisombululo samanzi etyuwa e-praseodymium siya kubonisa umbala oluhlaza oqaqambileyo;Enye into ibizwa ngokuba "Neodymium“.Ukwahlula ngempumelelo "amawele adibeneyo" kwabenza bakwazi ukubonisa iitalente zabo ngokuzimeleyo.
Silver white metal, soft and ductile.I-Praseodymium inesakhiwo se-crystal ene-hexagonal kwiqondo lokushisa.Ukuxhatshazwa kwe-corrosion emoyeni kunamandla kune-lanthanum, i-cerium, i-neodymium, kunye ne-europium, kodwa xa ibonakaliswe emoyeni, iveliswa umaleko we-oksidi emnyama ebuthathaka, kwaye isampuli yensimbi ye-praseodymium enobukhulu obuyisentimitha igqwesa ngokupheleleyo malunga nonyaka.
Njengabaninziizinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, i-praseodymium inokwenzeka ukuba yenze i-+3 ye-oxidation state, ekuphela kwemeko yayo ezinzileyo kwizisombululo ezinamanzi.I-Praseodymium ikhona kwindawo ye-oxidation ye-+4 kwezinye iikhompawundi eziqinileyo ezaziwayo, kwaye phantsi kweemeko zokuhlukana kwe-matrix, inokufikelela kwindawo ekhethekileyo ye-oxidation ye-5 phakathi kwezinto ze-lanthanide.
I-aqueous praseodymium ion is chartreuse, kwaye uninzi lokusetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso yepraseodymium kubandakanya ukukwazi kwayo ukuhluza ukukhanya okutyheli kwimithombo yokukhanya.
Uyilo lombane lwePraseodymium
Ukukhutshwa kombane:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p66s2 4f3
Ii-electron ezingama-59 zepraseodymium zicwangciswe njenge [Xe] 4f36s2.Ngokwethiyori, zonke ii-electron ezintlanu zangaphandle zingasetyenziswa njenge-electron ye-valence, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwazo zonke ii-electron ezintlanu zangaphandle zifuna iimeko ezinzima.Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-praseodymium ikhupha kuphela ii-electron ezintathu okanye ezine kwiikhompawundi zayo.I-Praseodymium yinto yokuqala ye-lanthanide kunye ne-electronic configuration ehambelana nomgaqo we-Aufbau.I-4f yayo ye-orbital inamanqanaba angaphantsi kwamandla kune-orbital ye-5d, engasetyenziswanga kwi-lanthanum kunye ne-cerium, njengoko ukunyanzeliswa ngokukhawuleza kwe-4f ye-orbital kungenzeki de kube emva kwe-lanthanum kwaye akwanelanga ukuphepha ukuhlala kwi-shell ye-5d kwi-cerium.Nangona kunjalo, i-praseodymium eqinileyo ibonisa ulungelelwaniso lwe- [Xe] 4f25d16s2, apho i-electron enye kwiqokobhe le-5d ifana nazo zonke ezinye izinto ezi-trivalent ze-lanthanide (ngaphandle kwe-europium kunye ne-ytterbium, ezi-divalent kwi-metallic states).
Njengezinto ezininzi ze-lanthanide, i-praseodymium idla ngokusebenzisa ii-electron ezintathu kuphela njenge-electron ye-valence, kwaye ii-electron eziseleyo ze-4f zinempembelelo eqinile yokubopha: oku kungenxa yokuba i-4f orbit idlula kwi-inert xenon core ye-electron ukufikelela kwi-nucleus, ilandelwa yi-5d kunye ne-6s. , kwaye inyuka ngokunyuka kwentlawulo ye-ionic.Nangona kunjalo, i-praseodymium isenokuqhubeka nokuphulukana neyesine kwaye ngamanye amaxesha i-electron yesihlanu ye-valence, kuba ibonakala kwangoko kakhulu kwinkqubo ye-lanthanide, apho intlawulo yenyukliya isephantsi ngokwaneleyo, kwaye i-4f subshell yamandla iphezulu ngokwaneleyo ukuvumela ukususwa ngakumbi i-electron ye-valence.
I-Praseodymium kunye nazo zonke izinto ze-lanthanide (ngaphandlelanthanum, ytterbiumkwayeilutetium, azikho ii-electron ezingasebenziyo ze-4f) zi-paramagnetism kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi.Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iintsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezibonisa i-antiferromagnetic okanye i-ferromagnetic ordered kumaqondo aphantsi obushushu, ipraseodymium yiparamagnetism kuwo onke amaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwe-1K.
Ukusetyenziswa kwePraseodymium
I-Praseodymium isetyenziswa kakhulu ngendlela yomhlaba oxubeneyo onqabileyo, onjengendawo yokucoca kunye nokuguqula izinto zetsimbi, iikhemikhali ezicatalyst, umhlaba onqabileyo kwezolimo, njalo njalo.Praseodymium neodymiumyeyona nto ifanayo kwaye kunzima ukwahlula iperi yezakhi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, ekunzima ukuzohlula ngeendlela zemichiza.Imveliso yemizi-mveliso ngokuqhelekileyo isebenzisa iindlela zokutsalwa kunye ne-ion exchange.Ukuba zisetyenziswa ngababini ngohlobo lwepraseodymium neodymium etyetyisiweyo, ukufana kwazo kungasetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo, kwaye ixabiso likwaxabiso eliphantsi kunemveliso yento enye.
Ingxubevange yePraseodymium neodymium(intsimbi yepraseodymium neodymium)ibe yimveliso ezimeleyo, enokusetyenziswa njengezinto zombini ezizibuthe ezisisigxina kunye nesongezo sokuguqulwa kweelloys zetsimbi ezingenayo i-ferrous.Umsebenzi, ukukhetha kunye nokuzinza kwe-petroleum cracking catalyst inokuphuculwa ngokudibanisa i-praseodymium neodymium concentrate kwi-Y zeolite molecular sieve.Njengongezelelo lokuguqulwa kweplastiki, ukongeza i-praseodymium neodymium enrichment kwi-polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) inokuphucula kakhulu ukuxhatshazwa kwe-PTFE.
Umhlaba onqabileyoizixhobo zemagnethi ezisisigxina yeyona ndawo idumileyo yezicelo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo namhlanje.I-Praseodymium iyodwa ayibalanga njengesixhobo semagnethi esisigxina, kodwa yeyona nto ibalaseleyo ye-synergistic enokuphucula iimpawu zemagnethi.Ukongeza isixa esifanelekileyo sepraseodymium kunokuphucula ngokufanelekileyo ukusebenza kwezixhobo zemagnethi ezisisigxina.Isenokuphucula ukusebenza kwe-antioxidant (ukumelana ne-corrosion yomoya) kunye neempawu zoomatshini beemagnethi, kwaye isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo zombane kunye neenjini.
I-Praseodymium ingasetyenziselwa ukugaya kunye nezinto zokupolisha.Njengoko sonke sisazi, i-cerium ecocekileyo esekelwe kwi-polish powder idla ngokukhanyayo, okuyiyona nto iphakamileyo yokupholisa iglasi ye-optical glass, kwaye ithathe indawo ye-iron oxide ebomvu yomgubo esebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ingcolise indawo yokuvelisa.Abantu baye bafumanisa ukuba i-praseodymium ineempawu ezilungileyo zokupholisha.Umhlaba onqabileyo wokupolisha umgubo oqukethe i-praseodymium uya kubonakala obomvu obomvu, owaziwa nangokuthi "umgubo obomvu", kodwa lo mbala obomvu awuyiyo i-iron oxide ebomvu, kodwa ngenxa yobukho be-praseodymium oxide, umbala womhlaba onqabileyo we-polish powder uba mnyama.I-Praseodymium iye yasetyenziswa njengento entsha yokugaya ukwenza i-corundum amavili okugaya aqukethe i-praseodymium.Xa kuthelekiswa ne-alumina emhlophe, ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuqina kunokuphuculwa ngaphezu kwe-30% xa ukugaya i-carbon structural steel, insimbi engenasici, kunye ne-alloys ephezulu yokushisa.Ukuze kuncitshiswe iindleko, izinto ezityetyisiweyo ze-praseodymium neodymium zazihlala zisetyenziswa njengezinto eziluhlaza kwixesha elidlulileyo, ngoko ke igama elithi praseodymium neodymium corundum ivili lokugaya.
Iikristale ze-silicate ezifakwe ii-ion ze-praseodymium zisetyenziselwe ukucothisa isantya sokukhanya ukuya kumakhulu aliqela eemitha ngomzuzwana.
Ukongeza i-praseodymium oxide kwi-zirconium silicate iya kuba tyheli eqaqambileyo kwaye ingasetyenziselwa njenge-pigment ye-ceramic - praseodymium yellow.I-Praseodymium yellow (Zr02-Pr6Oll-Si02) ithathwa njengeyona pigment ye-ceramic etyheli, ehlala izinzile ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1000 ℃ kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ixesha elinye okanye iinkqubo zokutshisa kwakhona.
I-Praseodymium ikwasetyenziswa njengombala weglasi, onemibala etyebileyo kunye nentengiso enkulu enokubakho.Iimveliso zeglasi eziluhlaza zePraseodymium ezinemibala eqaqambileyo yeleek eluhlaza kunye nescallion eluhlaza zinokuveliswa, ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ukuvelisa izihluzo eziluhlaza kunye neglasi yobugcisa kunye neglasi.Ukongeza i-praseodymium oxide kunye ne-cerium oxide kwiglasi ingasetyenziswa njengeeglavu zokuwelda.I-Praseodymium sulfide ingasetyenziswa njengombala weplastiki eluhlaza.
Ixesha lokuposa: May-29-2023