IHolmium, inombolo ye-athomu 67, ubunzima be-athomu 164.93032, igama lesiqalelo elithathwe kwindawo yokuzalwa yomfumani.
Umxholo weiholmiumkuqweqwe yi 0.000115%, kwaye ikhona kunye nezinyeizinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyokwimonazite kunye nezimbiwa zomhlaba ezinqabileyo.I-isotope yendalo ezinzileyo yi-holmium 165 kuphela.
I-Holmium izinzile emoyeni owomileyo kwaye i-oxidizes ngokukhawuleza kumaqondo aphezulu;I-Holmium oxideyaziwa njengezona mpawu zinamandla zeparamagnetic.
Ikhompawundi ye-holmium ingasetyenziswa njengesongezo sezinto ezintsha ze-ferromagnetic;I-Holmium iodide isetyenziselwa ukwenza izibane ze-metal halide -izibane holmium, kunye ne-holmium lasers nazo zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwintsimi yezonyango.
Ukufumana iMbali
Ifunyanwe ngu: JL Soret, PT Cleve
Yafunyanwa ukusuka ngo-1878 ukuya ku-1879
Inkqubo yokufumanisa: ifunyenwe nguJL Soret kwi-1878;Yafunyanwa ngu-PT Cleve ngo-1879
Emva kokuba uMossander wahlula umhlaba we-erbium kunyeterbiumumhlaba ukusukaiyttriumUmhlaba ngo-1842, iikhemisti ezininzi zasebenzisa uhlalutyo lwe-spectral ukuchonga nokufumanisa ukuba zazingezizo iioksidi ezisulungekileyo zento ethile, eyakhuthaza iikhemisti ukuba ziqhubeke nokuzahlula.Emva kokwahlula i-ytterbium oxide kunyeiscandium oxideukusuka isithiyelo oxidized, Cliff wahlula oxides ezimbini elemental ezintsha ngo 1879. Omnye wabo ogama Holmium ukukhumbula indawo yokuzalwa Cliff kaThixo, igama Latin yamandulo Holmia e Stockholm, Sweden, kunye isimboli elemental Ho.Ngo-1886, enye into yahlulwa kwi-holmium yi-Bouvabadrand, kodwa igama le-holmium lagcinwa.Ngokufunyanwa kweholmium kunye nezinye izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, elinye inqanaba lokufunyanwa kwesithathu kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba sele ligqityiwe.
Uyilo lombane:
Uyilo lombane:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f11
Yintsimbi ethi, njenge-dysprosium, inokufunxa i-neutron eveliswa yi-nuclear fission.
Kwi-reactor yenyukliya, kwelinye icala, ukuvutha okuqhubekayo kuqhutyelwa, kwaye kwelinye icala, isantya se-chain reaction silawulwa.
Inkcazo ye-Element: Amandla e-ionization yokuqala yi-volts ye-electron ye-6.02.Inokukhanya kwentsimbi.Inokusabela kancinane ngamanzi kwaye inyibilike kwiiasidi ezixubileyo.Ityuwa ityheli.I-oxide Ho2O2 inombala oluhlaza okhanyayo.Nyibilika kwi-mineral acids ukuvelisa iityuwa ze-ion ezintathu ezityheli.
Umthombo we-Element: ulungiswe ngokunciphisa i-holmium fluoride HoF3 · 2H2O nge-calcium.
Isinyithi
I-Holmium yintsimbi emhlophe yesilivere ene-soft texture kunye ne-ductility;Indawo yokunyibilika yi-1474 ° C, iqondo lokubila yi-2695 ° C, ubuninzi be-8.7947 g/cm holmium meter ³ .
I-Holmium izinzile emoyeni owomileyo kwaye i-oxidizes ngokukhawuleza kumaqondo aphezulu;IHolmium oxide yaziwa ngokuba neyona propati inamandla yeparamagnetic.
Ukufumana iikhompawundi ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe njengezongezo zemathiriyeli entsha ye-ferromagnetic;I-Holmium iodide esetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwezibane ze-metal halide - izibane ze-holmium
Isicelo
(1) Njengesongezo sezibane ze-metal halide, izibane ze-metal halide luhlobo lwesibane sokukhupha igesi esiphuhliswe ngokwesiseko sezibane zemercury ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu, eziphawulwa ngokuzalisa ibhalbhu ngeehalidi ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo.Okwangoku, usetyenziso oluphambili luyi-iodide yomhlaba enqabileyo, ekhupha imibala eyahlukeneyo ye-spectral ngexesha lokukhutshwa kwegesi.Into esebenzayo esetyenziswa kwizibane ze-holmium yi-holmium iodide, enokufikelela kwi-concentration ephezulu yee-athomu zetsimbi kwindawo ye-arc, iphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kwemitha.
(2) I-Holmium ingasetyenziselwa njengesongezo sentsimbi ye-yttrium okanye i-yttrium aluminium garnet.
(3) Ho: I-YAG i-doped yttrium aluminium garnet inokukhupha i-2 μ M laser, izicubu zomntu kwi-2 μ Izinga lokufunxa i-m laser liphezulu, phantse imiyalelo emithathu yobukhulu obuphezulu kune-Hd: YAG.Ngoko xa usebenzisa i-Ho: i-laser ye-YAG ukwenzela utyando lwezonyango, kungekhona nje ukuphuculwa kokusebenza kotyando kunye nokuchaneka, kodwa kunye nendawo yokulimala kwe-thermal ingancitshiswa ibe yincinci.Umqadi okhululekileyo owenziwe yi-holmium crystals unokuphelisa amanqatha ngaphandle kokuvelisa ubushushu obugqithisileyo, ngaloo ndlela unciphisa umonakalo oshushu kwizicubu eziphilileyo.Kunikelwa ingxelo yokuba unyango lweholmium laser lweglaucoma eUnited States lunokuzinciphisa iintlungu zabaguli abatyandwayo.I-China 2 μ Inqanaba le-m laser crystals lifikelele kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe, kwaye kufuneka kwenziwe imizamo yokuphuhlisa nokuvelisa olu hlobo lwe-laser crystal.
4
(5) Ukusetyenziswa kwe-holmium doped fiber kunokwenza izixhobo zonxibelelwano ze-optical ezifana ne-fiber lasers, i-fiber amplifiers, kunye ne-fiber sensors, eya kudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphuhliseni ngokukhawuleza konxibelelwano lwe-fiber optic namhlanje.
(6) Iteknoloji yeHolmium laser lithotripsy: I-holmium laser lithotripsy yonyango ilungele amatye ezintso aqinileyo, amatye e-ureter, kunye namatye esinyi angenakophulwa yi-extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.Xa usebenzisa i-holmium laser lithotripsy yonyango, i-fiber ebhityileyo ye-laser ye-holmium yonyango isetyenziselwa ukufikelela ngokuthe ngqo kwisinyi, ureter, kunye namatye ezintso nge-urethra kunye ne-ureter nge-cystoscope kunye ne-ureteroscope.Emva koko, iingcali ze-urology zikhohlisa i-holmium laser ukuze kwaphule amatye.Inzuzo yale ndlela yonyango ye-holmium laser kukuba inokusombulula amatye e-ureter, amatye esinyi, kunye nobuninzi bamatye ezintso.Ukungalungi kukuba kwamanye amatye angaphezulu nangaphantsi kweekhalisi zezintso, kunokubakho inani elincinci lamatye ashiyekileyo ngenxa yokungakwazi kwe-holmium laser fiber engena kwi-ureter ukuya kwindawo yamatye.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-16-2023