Cerium 'ngumzalwana omkhulu' ongenakuphikiswa kusapho olukhulu lwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba.Okokuqala, ubuninzi obupheleleyo bemihlaba enqabileyo kwi-crust yi-238ppm, kunye ne-cerium kwi-68ppm, ibala i-28% yokwakheka komhlaba onqabileyo kunye nokubekwa kuqala;Okwesibini, i-cerium yinto yesibini yomhlaba enqabileyo efunyenwe kwiminyaka elithoba emva kokufunyanwa kwe-yttrium (1794).Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuninzi kakhulu, kwaye "i-cerium" ayinakunqandwa
Ukufunyanwa kweCerium Element
UCarl Auer von Welsbach
I-Cerium yafunyanwa kwaye yaqanjwa ngo-1803 yi-German Kloppers, i-chemist yaseSweden u-J ö ns Jakob Berzelius, kunye ne-mineralogist yaseSweden uWilhelm Hisinger.Ibizwa ngokuba yi-ceria, kwaye i-ore yayo ibizwa ngokuba yi-cerite, kwinkumbulo ye-Ceres, i-asteroid efunyenwe kwi-1801. Enyanisweni, olu hlobo lwe-cerium silicate yityuwa e-hydrated equkethe i-66% ukuya kwi-70% ye-cerium, ngelixa ezinye ziyi-calcium. , intsimbi, kunyeiyttrium.
Ukusetyenziswa kokuqala kwe-cerium kwakuyindawo yomlilo yegesi eyenziwe ngu-Austrian chemist uCarl Auer von Welsbach.Ngo-1885, wazama umxube we-magnesium, i-lanthanum, kunye ne-yttrium oxide, kodwa le mixube yakhupha ukukhanya okuluhlaza ngaphandle kwempumelelo.
Kwi-1891, wafumanisa ukuba i-thorium oxide ecocekileyo yavelisa ukukhanya okungcono, nangona yayiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kwaye ixutywe ne-Cerium (IV) oxide ukuvelisa ukukhanya okumhlophe okukhanyayo.Ukongeza, i-Cerium (IV) oxide inokusetyenziswa njenge-catalyst ye-thorium oxide combustion.
Cerium metal
★ I-Cerium yi-ductile kunye nesilivere ethambileyo yentsimbi emhlophe eneempawu ezisebenzayo.Xa ibonakaliswe emoyeni, iya kuba yi-oxidized, yenze umhlwa njenge-peeling oxide layer.Xa ishushu, iyatshisa kwaye isabela ngokukhawuleza ngamanzi.Isampulu yentsimbi ye-cerium elingana nesentimitha igqwesa ngokupheleleyo kwisithuba esingangonyaka.Kuphephe ukudibana nomoya, ii-oxidants ezinamandla, iiasidi ezinamandla, kunye neehalogens.
★ I-Cerium ikhona ikakhulu kwi-monazite kunye ne-bastnaesite, kunye nakwiimveliso ze-fission ye-uranium, i-thorium, kunye ne-plutonium.Inobungozi kwimo engqongileyo, ingqwalasela eyodwa kufuneka ihlawulwe kungcoliseko lwemithombo yamanzi.
★ I-Cerium yinto yama-26 ininzi kakhulu, ibala i-68ppm ye-Earth's crust, yesibini emva kobhedu (68ppm).I-Cerium ininzi kakhulu kuneentsimbi eziqhelekileyo ezifana nelothe (13pm) kunye ne-tin (2.1ppm).
I-Cerium Electron uqwalaselo
Amalungiselelo ombane:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p66s2 4f1 5d1
★ I-Cerium ibekwe emva kwe-lanthanum kwaye inee-electron ze-4f eziqala kwi-cerium, ikwenza kube lula ukuthatha inxaxheba kwii-chemical reactions.Nangona kunjalo, i-5d ye-orbital ye-cerium ihlala, kwaye esi siphumo asinamandla ngokwaneleyo kwi-cerium.
★ Uninzi lweLanthanide lunokusebenzisa kuphela ii-electron ezintathu njenge-electron yeValence, ngaphandle kwe-cerium, enesakhiwo sombane esiguqukayo.Amandla ee-electron ze-4f aphantse afane nalawo ee-electron zangaphandle ze-5d kunye ne-6s eziye zasuswa kwindawo yesinyithi, kwaye kuphela umlinganiselo omncinci wamandla ofunekayo ukutshintsha umsebenzi ohambelanayo kula manqanaba ombane we-elektroniki, okukhokelela kwi-valence ephindwe kabini +3 kunye +4.Ubume besiqhelo yi+3 valence, ebonisa +4 valence kumanzi anaerobic.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-cerium
★ Ingasetyenziselwa njenge-additive alloy kunye nokuveliswa kweetyuwa ze-cerium, njl.
★ Ingasetyenziswa njengesongezelelo seglasi ukufunxa imitha ye-ultraviolet kunye ne-infrared, kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiglasi yeMoto.
★ Inokusetyenziswa njengeyona nto ibalaseleyo yokukhusela okusingqongileyo, kwaye okwangoku oyena mmeli yi-automotive exhaust purification catalyst, ekhusela ngokufanelekileyo isixa esikhulu segesi yokukhupha iimoto ukuba ikhutshwe emoyeni.
★ Ukukhanyaizinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyoikakhulu yenziwe yicerium njengoko izilawuli zokukhula kwezityalo zinokuphucula umgangatho wesityalo, zandise isivuno, kwaye zongeze ukuxhathisa koxinzelelo lwezityalo.
★ I-Cerium sulfide inokutshintsha iintsimbi ezifana nelothe kunye ne-cadmium eziyingozi kwindalo esingqongileyo kunye nabantu kwi-pigments, inokufaka imibala kwiiplastiki, kwaye inokusetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso ye-inki.
★I-Cerium (IV) i-oxideinokusetyenziswa njengekhompawundi yokupolisha, umzekelo, kwiChemical-mechanical polishing (CMP).
★ I-cerium ingasetyenziswa njengezixhobo zokugcina i-hydrogen, imathiriyeli ye-thermoelectric, i-cerium tungsten electrode, i-Ceramic capacitor, i-ceramics piezoelectric, i-cerium silicon carbide abrasives, i-fuel cell raw materials, izinto zepetroli, izixhobo zemagnethi ezisisigxina, izixhobo zonyango, iintsimbi ezahlukeneyo zealloy kunye nezingezo- iintsimbi ezinentsimbi.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jul-03-2023