I-cerium Ngumzalwana owaziwayo 'omkhulu' kusapho olukhulu lwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. Okokuqala, ubuninzi bezinto ezinqabileyo kwi-crust yi-238PPM, nge-68ppm, i-accounting ye-28% yomhlaba onqabileyo womhlaba onqabileyo; Okwesibini, i-cerium ngumqondiso wesibini onqabileyo wafumanisayo iminyaka elithoba emva kokufunyanwa kweYttrium (1794). Isicelo sayo sibanzi kakhulu, kwaye "i-cerium" ayinakwenzeka
Ukufunyanwa kweNqaku leCerium
I-Carl Auer Von Wellbach
I-Cerium yafunyanwa kwaye yabizwa ngonyaka ka-1803 nge-»kloist, iSweden Chemist J jakob Berzelius, kunye ne-Sweden Medinger wilinger Holder. Ibizwa ngokuba yiCaria, kwaye i-ore yayo ibizwa ngokuba yiCerite, kwiKemera yeCeres, i-asteroid efunyenwe ngonyaka we-1801. Ngapha koko, olu hlobo lomgaqo we-cerium, ngelixa ezinye ziyi-calcium, intsimbi, kunyeyttrium.
Ukusetyenziswa kokuqala kwe-cerium yayiyindawo yokucima umlilo yegesi ngu-Austrian Chemist Auer Von Welbach. Ngo-1885, wazama umxube we-magnesium, i-lantham, kunye ne-yttrim oxide, kodwa le mixube ikhupha ukukhanya eluhlaza ngaphandle kwempumelelo.
Ngo-1891, wafumanisa ukuba i-thorium ecocekileyo ivelise ukukhanya okungcono, nangona yayiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kwaye ixutywe ne-cerium (iv) i-oxiide ivelise ukukhanya okumhlophe okuqaqambileyo. Ukongeza, i-cerium (iv) i-oxide ikwanokusetyenziswa njengeyona nto iphambili kwi-Thorium ye-thorium oxide
I-cerium yentsimbi
★ I-Cerium yi-ductile kunye nentsimbi yesilivere emhlophe ethambileyo kunye neepropathi ezisebenzayo. Xa ityhilwe ngomoya, iya kuba i-oxidred, yenza i-runs efana ne-suel oxide. Xa ishushu, ivutha kwaye iphinde isebenze ngokukhawuleza ngamanzi. Isentimitha ye-cerium ye-cerium ye-cerium ye-cerium ye-cierium ye-curium ye-corroderes ngaphakathi konyaka. Kulumkele ukunxibelelana nomoya, ii-oxidants ezinamandla, i-acid eyomeleleyo, kunye nee-halogens.
★ I-Cerium ikakhulu ikhona kwiMonazite kunye ne-blestnaeesite, kunye nakwimithombo ye-Urarium, i-Thorium, nePlutonium. Kuyingozi kwindalo esingqongileyo, kuthathelwe ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ekungcoleni kwemizimba yamanzi.
★ I-Cerium yi-26 yento eninzi kakhulu, i-accounting ye-68ppm yomhlaba, yesibini kuphela kwi-Copper (i-68PPM). I-Cerium ikhulu ngakumbi kune-metris eqhelekileyo enjengokukhokelela (13pm) kunye ne-tin (2.1ppm).
Uqwalaselo lwe-elektronium
Amalungiselelo e-elektroniki:
I-1s2 2s2 2P6 3s2 3P6 4P6 4s2 3D10 4P6 4S2 4D2 4D1 5D1 5D1
★ I-Cerium ibekwe emva kokuba i-lanthanum kwaye inee-2F ze-4F eziqala kwi-cirium, zenza kube lula ukuba nenxaxheba ekuphenduleni kwekhemikhali. Nangona kunjalo, i-5D orbartal ye-cerium ixakekile, kwaye le mpembelelo ayinamandla ngokwaneleyo kwi-Criium.
Uninzi lwe-lanthanide inokusebenzisa kuphela ii-elektroni ezintathu njenge-elektroni, ngaphandle kwe-cirium, enesakhiwo esihlukileyo. Amandla e-Electrons angama-4F aphantse ayalingana ne-5D ye-5D kunye nee-6s ze-6s ezichongiweyo kwi-elektroni yensimbi, kwaye kuphela amandla amancinci afunekayo ukutshintsha indawo yokuhlala ye-elektroniki, okuquka ukuvutha kabini kwe-3 ne + 4. Ilizwe eliqhelekileyo yi + 3 i-vancy, ebonisa + 4 i-vancence e-Anaerobic amanzi.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-cerium
★ inokusetyenziswa njengesongezelelo kunye nokuveliswa kweetyuwa ze-cirium, njl.
★ Inokusetyenziswa njengesongezo seglasi ukuze ifumane i-ultraviolet kunye nereyitha ye-infrared, kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiglasi yemoto.
★ Inokusetyenziswa njengezinto ezikhuselweyo zonyuselo lwendawo esisingqongileyo, kwaye okwangoku uninzi lwabameli luphawu lokucoca i-AutoMotiest, othintela ngokufanelekileyo isixa esikhulu serhasi yokuphelisa umoya.
★ ukukhanyaizinto ezinqabileyo zomhlabaEyona nto ibunjwe ikakhulu yi-cerium njengoko izityalo zokukhula kwezityalo zinokuphucula umgangatho wesityalo, zikhulise isivuno, kunye nokomeleza ukumelana noxinzelelo lwezityalo.
★ I-cerium sulfide inokutshintsha izinyithi ezifana ne-Coundmium kunye ne-CADMIIM Enobungozi kwindalo kunye nabantu kwii-pigments, zinokusetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso ye-inki kunye namashishini e-inki.
★I-cerium (iv) i-oxideinokusetyenziswa njengeqhinga lokupola, umzekelo, kwi-colic-copical metlication (cmp).
★ I-Cerium inokusetyenziswa njengezixhobo zokugcina i-hydrogen, izixhobo ze-theraectric, i-cerium tuctsten, izixhobo ze-piezoectric, izixhobo ze-piezoectric, izixhobo ze-feenetic, izixhobo zonyango, izithambiso ezohlukeneyo kunye nezinyithi ezahlukeneyo.
I-Post Tight: Jul-03-2023