Uluhlu lwezinto ezili-17 ezisetyenziswayo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo (ezineefoto)

Aisafobe esiqhelekileyo sesokuba ukuba ioyile ligazi leshishini, umhlaba onqabileyo yivithamin yeshishini.

Umhlaba onqabileyo sisishunqulelo seqela leentsimbi.Izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba,REE) zifunyenwe enye emva kwenye ukusukela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18.Kukho iindidi ezili-17 ze-REE, kuquka i-lanthanides ezili-15 kwitheyibhile yeperiodikhi yezinto zemichiza-lanthanum (La), i-cerium (Ce), i-praseodymium (Pr), i-neodymium (Nd), i-promethium (Pm), njalo njaloOkwangoku, isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwiinkalo ezininzi ezifana ne-electronics, i-petrochemicals kunye ne-metallurgy.Phantse yonke iminyaka emi-3 ukuya kwemi-5, izazinzulu zinokufumanisa ukusetyenziswa okutsha komhlaba onqabileyo, kwaye enye kuzo zonke izinto ezivelisiweyo ezintandathu ayinakohlulwa kumhlaba onqabileyo.

I-China izityebi ngezimbiwa zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, ibekwe kwindawo yokuqala kumazwe amathathu: elokuqala koovimba bemithombo, libalelwa kuma-23%;Isiphumo sesokuqala, sithatha i-80% ukuya kwi-90% yezinto ezinqabileyo zehlabathi;Umthamo wentengiso yeyokuqala, kunye ne-60% ukuya kwi-70% yeemveliso zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezithunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle.Kwangaxeshanye, i-China kuphela kwelizwe elinokubonelela ngeentlobo ezili-17 zesinyithi somhlaba esinqabileyo, ngakumbi umhlaba onqabileyo kunye nonzima onqabileyo kunye nesabelo esibalaseleyo somkhosi.

RUmhlaba ngumthombo oxabisekileyo weqhinga, owaziwa ngokuba yi "industrial monosodium glutamate" kunye "nomama wezinto ezitsha", kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwisayensi neteknoloji kunye neshishini lomkhosi.NgokukaMphathiswa wezoShishino kunye neTekhnoloji yoLwazi, izinto ezisebenzayo ezinje ngemagnethi enqabileyo yomhlaba, i-luminescence, ukugcinwa kwehydrogen kunye ne-catalysis ziye zaba yimathiriyeli eyimfuneko kumashishini obugcisa obuphezulu njengokwenza izixhobo eziphambili, amandla amatsha kunye namashishini asakhulayo. isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-electronics, i-petrochemical industry, i-metallurgy, oomatshini, amandla amatsha, imboni yokukhanya, ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, ezolimo njalo njalo..

Kwango-1983, iJapan yazisa inkqubo yobuchule yokugcina izimbiwa ezinqabileyo, kwaye i-83% yomhlaba wayo onqabileyo wasekhaya wavela e-China.

Jonga eUnited States kwakhona, oovimba bayo bomhlaba onqabileyo bakwindawo yesibini emva kweTshayina, kodwa umhlaba wayo onqabileyo yimihlaba enqabileyo ekhanyayo, eyahlulahlulwe yaba yimihlaba enzima enqabileyo kunye nomhlaba onqabileyo okhanyayo.Umhlaba onzima onqabileyo ubiza kakhulu, kwaye umhlaba onqabileyo okhanyayo awunaqoqosho kum, oguqulwe waba yimihlaba enqabileyo yomgunyathi ngabantu abakushishino.I-80% ye-US enqabileyo yomhlaba ephuma ngaphandle ivela e-China.

UComrade uDeng Xiaoping wakha wathi: “KuMbindi Mpuma kukho ioli kunye nomhlaba onqabileyo eTshayina.”Intsingiselo yamazwi akhe iyabonakala.Umhlaba onqabileyo ayisiyiyo kuphela i-"MSG" efunekayo ye-1/5 yeemveliso zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu emhlabeni, kodwa kunye ne-bargaining chip ye-China kwitheyibhile yokuxoxisana yehlabathi kwixesha elizayo.Khusela kwaye usebenzise ngokwenzululwazi ubutyebi bomhlaba obunqabileyo, iye yaba sisicwangciso selizwe esibizelwe ngabantu abaninzi abaneembono eziphakamileyo kwiminyaka yakutshanje ukuthintela ubutyebi bomhlaba obunqabileyo obunqabileyo ukuba buthengiswe ngobumfama kwaye buthunyelwe kumazwe asentshona.Ngo-1992, uDeng Xiaoping wayichaza ngokucacileyo imeko yeTshayina njengelizwe elikhulu elinqabileyo lomhlaba.

Uluhlu losetyenziso lwehlabathi elinqabileyo eli-17

I-1 i-lanthanum isetyenziselwa izinto ze-alloy kunye neefilimu zezolimo

I-Cerium isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiglasi yemoto

I-3 praseodymium isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwii-pigments ze-ceramic

I-Neodymium isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizinto ze-aerospace

Amacangci ama-5 anika amandla ancedisayo kwiisathelayithi

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-6 yeSamarium kwi-Atomic Energy Reactor

I-7 europium yokuvelisa iilensi kunye neziboniso zekristale zamanzi

I-Gadolinium 8 yomfanekiso wonyango wemagnethi

I-9 terbium isetyenziswa kwi-aircraft wing regulator

I-erbium eyi-10 isetyenziswa kwi-laser rangefinder kwimicimbi yasemkhosini

I-11 i-dysprosium isetyenziswa njengomthombo wokukhanyisa wefilimu kunye nokushicilela

I-12 holmium isetyenziselwa ukwenza izixhobo zonxibelelwano lwamehlo

I-thulium eyi-13 isetyenziselwa ukuxilongwa kwekliniki kunye nonyango lwamathumba

I-14 ye-ytterbium eyongeziweyo kwimemori yesiqalelo sekhompyuter

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-15 lutetium kubuchwepheshe bebhetri yamandla

I-16 yttrium yenza iingcingo kunye nezixhobo zamandla eenqwelomoya

I-Scandium isoloko isetyenziselwa ukwenza i-alloys

Iinkcukacha zezi zilandelayo:

1

ILanthanum (LA)

KwiMfazwe yeGulf, isixhobo sombono wasebusuku esinomhlaba onqabileyo we-lanthanum saba ngumthombo omkhulu wamatanki ase-US. Lo mfanekiso ungasentla ubonisa i-lanthanum chloride powder(Imephu yedatha)

ILanthanum isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizinto zepiezoelectric, izinto ze-electrothermal, thermoelectric materials, magnetoresistive materials, luminescent materials (umgubo oluhlaza), izinto zokugcina i-hydrogen, iglasi yokukhanya, izixhobo ze-laser, izinto ezahlukeneyo ze-alloy, njl njl. I-Lanthanum isetyenziselwa ukulungiswa iimveliso ezininzi zeekhemikhali eziphilayo, ooSonzululwazi baye babiza i-lanthanum "i-super calcium" ngempembelelo yayo kwizityalo.

2

I-Cerium (CE)

I-Cerium ingasetyenziselwa njenge-catalyst, i-arc electrode kunye ne-glass special.I-alloy ye-Cerium iyamelana nobushushu obuphezulu kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza iindawo ze-jet propulsion.(Imephu yedatha)

(1) I-cerium, njengesongezo seglasi, inokufunxa imisebe ye-ultraviolet kunye ne-infrared, kwaye isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwiglasi yemoto. conditioning.Ukusukela ngo-1997, i-ceria yongezwa kuyo yonke iglasi yeemoto eJapan.Ngowe-1996, ubuncinane iitoni ezingama-2000 zeceria zasetyenziswa kwiglasi yemoto, yaye ngaphezu kweetoni ezili-1000 eUnited States.

(2) Okwangoku, i-cerium isetyenziselwa ukucoca i-automobile exhaust purification catalyst, enokuthi ithintele ngokufanelekileyo inani elikhulu legesi yokukhupha imoto ukuba ikhutshwe emoyeni.Ukusetyenziswa kweCerium eUnited States kubala isinye kwisithathu sokusetyenziswa komhlaba onqabileyo.

(3) I-Cerium sulfide ingasetyenziswa kwi-pigments endaweni yelothe, i-cadmium kunye nezinye izinyithi eziyingozi kwindalo kunye nabantu.Ingasetyenziselwa ukufaka umbala kwiiplastiki, iingubo, i-inki kunye namashishini ephepha.Okwangoku, inkampani ehamba phambili yi-French Rhone Planck.

(4) CE: Inkqubo ye-laser ye-LiSAF yi-laser-state eqinile eyenziwe yi-United States.Ingasetyenziselwa ukufumanisa izixhobo zebhayoloji kunye namayeza ngokubeka iliso kwi-tryptophan concentration.Cerium isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo ezininzi.Phantse zonke izicelo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ziqulethe i-cerium. Njengomgubo wokupholisha, izinto zokugcina i-hydrogen, izixhobo zombane, ii-electrode ze-cerium tungsten, i-cerium tungsten electrode, i-ceramic capacitors, i-piezoelectric ceramics, i-cerium silicon carbide abrasives, iiseli zamafutha ekrwada, izinto zepetroli, izixhobo zepetroli ezisisigxina, i-alloy eyahlukeneyo. iintsimbi kunye neentsimbi ezingenayo i-ferrous.

3

I-Praseodymium (PR)

Ingxubevange yePraseodymium neodymium

(1) I-Praseodymium isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-ceramics yokwakha kunye ne-ceramics yokusetyenziswa kwansuku zonke.Inokuxutywa ne-ceramic glaze ukwenza umbala we-glaze, kwaye ingasetyenziselwa njenge-pigment ephantsi.Ibala lebala lityheli elikhanyayo kunye nombala ococekileyo kunye nobuhle.

(2) Isetyenziselwa ukwenza iimagnethi ezisisigxina.Ukusebenzisa ipraseodymium etshiphu kunye neodymium yesinyithi endaweni yentsimbi yeNeodymium ePure ukwenza imathiriyeli yemagnethi esisigxina, ukuxhathisa ioksijini yayo kunye neempawu zoomatshini ngokucacileyo ziphuculwe, kwaye zinokulungiswa zibe ziimagnethi zeemilo ezahlukeneyo. isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo zombane kunye neenjini.

(3) Isetyenziswe kwi-petroleum catalytic cracking.Umsebenzi, ukukhetha kunye nokuzinza kwe-catalyst kunokuphuculwa ngokudibanisa i-praseodymium ephuculweyo kunye neodymium kwi-Y zeolite i-molecular sieve ukulungiselela i-petroleum cracking catalyst.China yaqala ukufaka ukusetyenziswa kwezoshishino kwi-1970s, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kuyanda.

(4) I-Praseodymium nayo ingasetyenziselwa ukupolisha kwe-abrasive.Ukongezelela, i-praseodymium isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwintsimi ye-fiber optical.

4

I-Neodymium (nd)

Kutheni i-M1 ingafunyanwa kuqala? Itanki ixhotyiswe nge-Nd: YAG laser rangefinder, enokufikelela kuluhlu oluphantse lube yi-4000 yeemitha ekukhanyeni kwemini.(Imephu yedatha)

Ngokuzalwa kwepraseodymium, i-neodymium yabakho.Ukufika kwe-neodymium kwavula ibala lomhlaba elinqabileyo, kwadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwibala elinqabileyo lomhlaba, kwaye kwaba nefuthe kwintengiso yomhlaba enqabileyo.

I-Neodymium iye yaba yindawo eshushu kwimarike iminyaka emininzi ngenxa yendawo yayo ekhethekileyo kwintsimi yomhlaba onqabileyo.Oyena msebenzisi mkhulu wentsimbi ye-neodymium yiNdFeB esisigxina yemagnethi.Ukufika kweemagnethi ezisisigxina ze-NdFeB kuye kwafaka amandla amatsha kwindawo enqabileyo yomhlaba yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu.Imagnethi ye-NdFeB ibizwa ngokuba "yinkosi yeemagnethi ezisisigxina" ngenxa yemveliso yayo ephezulu yamandla kazibuthe.Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizinto zombane, oomatshini kunye namanye amashishini ngokusebenza kwayo okugqwesileyo.Uphuhliso oluyimpumelelo lwe-Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer lubonisa ukuba iimpawu zemagnethi ze-NdFeB zemagnethi e-China zingene kumgangatho wehlabathi.I-Neodymium iphinda isetyenziswe kwizinto ezingenayo i-ferrous.Ukongeza i-1.5-2.5% ye-neodymium kwi-magnesium okanye i-aluminium alloy inokuphucula ukusebenza kobushushu obuphezulu, ukuqina komoya kunye nokumelana nokubola kwe-alloy.Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengezinto ze-aerospace.Ukongeza, i-neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet ivelisa i-laser beam ye-short-wave, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-welding kunye nokusika izinto ezincinci ezinobunzima obungaphantsi kwe-10mm kwishishini.Kunyango lwezonyango, Nd: YAG laser isetyenziselwa ukususa utyando okanye disinfect amanxeba endaweni scalpel.I-Neodymium ikwasetyenziselwa ukufaka imibala kwiglasi kunye nemathiriyeli yeceramic nanjengesongezo kwiimveliso zerabha.

5

I-Trollium (Pm)

I-Thulium sisiqalelo sokwenziwa ngeradioactive esiveliswe zizixhobo zenyukliya (imephu yedatha)

(1) inokusetyenziswa njengomthombo wobushushu.Ukubonelela ngamandla ancedisayo ukuze kubonwe i-vacuum kunye nesathelayithi eyenziweyo.

(2)I-Pm147 ikhupha ii-β-ray zamandla aphantsi, ezinokusetyenziswa ukwenza iibhetri zecangci.Njengonikezelo lwamandla lwezixhobo zesikhokelo somjukujelwa kunye neewotshi.Olu hlobo lwebhetri luncinci ngobukhulu kwaye lunokusetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo iminyaka emininzi.Ukongeza, ipromethium ikwasetyenziswa kwisixhobo esiphathwayo seX-ray, ukulungiswa kwephosphor, ubungakanani bomlinganiselo kunye nesibane sebhakana.

6

eSamarium (Sm)

Isinyithi samarium (imephu yedatha)

I-Sm iluhlaza tyheli, kwaye yimathiriyeli ekrwada yeSm-Co umazibuthe osisigxina, kwaye iSm-Co umazibuthe ngowona mazibuthe wamandulo onqabileyo osetyenziswa kushishino.Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zemagnethi esisigxina: inkqubo ye-SmCo5 kunye nenkqubo ye-Sm2Co17.Ekuqaleni kwee-1970s, inkqubo ye-SmCo5 yaqanjwa, kwaye inkqubo ye-Sm2Co17 yasungulwa kwixesha elizayo.Ngoku imfuno yale yokugqibela inikwa kuqala.Ukucoceka kwe-samarium oxide esetyenziswe kwi-samarium cobalt magnet akufuneki ibe phezulu kakhulu.Ukuqwalasela iindleko, ikakhulu usebenzisa malunga ne-95% yeemveliso.Ukongeza, i-samarium oxide iphinda isetyenziswe kwi-ceramic capacitors kunye ne-catalysts.Ukongeza, i-samarium ineempawu zenyukliya, ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe njengezinto zokwakha, izinto ezikhuselayo kunye nezixhobo zokulawula ii-reactors zamandla e-athomu, ukuze amandla amakhulu aveliswa yi-fission yenyukliya asetyenziswe ngokukhuselekileyo.

7

I-Europium (Eu)

I-Europium oxide powder (imephu yedatha)

I-Europium oxide isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiphosphors (imephu yedatha)

Kwi-1901, u-Eugene-AntoleDemarcay wafumanisa into entsha evela kwi-"samarium", ebizwa ngokuba yi-Europium.Oku mhlawumbi kuthiwa ngegama elithi Yurophu.I-Europium oxide isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-fluorescent powder.I-Eu3+ isetyenziswa njenge activator ye-phosphor ebomvu, kwaye i-Eu2+ isetyenziswa njenge-phosphor eluhlaza.Ngoku i-Y2O2S: i-Eu3 + yeyona phosphor igqwesileyo ekusebenzeni okukhanyayo, ukuzinza kokwambathisa kunye neendleko zokurisayikilishwa kwakhona.I-Europium oxide iye yasetyenziswa njenge-phosphor ekhuthazwayo yokukhutshwa kwenkqubo entsha yokuxilongwa kwe-X-ray kwiminyaka yamuva nje.I-Europium oxide ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza iilensi ezinemibala kunye nezihluzi ze-optical, kwizixhobo zokugcina i-bubble bubble, inokubonisa iitalente zayo kwizinto zokulawula, izixhobo zokukhusela kunye nezixhobo zesakhiwo se-athom reactors.

8

IGadolinium (Gd)

I-Gadolinium kunye ne-isotopi zayo zezona zithatha i-neutron zisebenzayo kwaye zingasetyenziswa njengezithinteli ze-reactors zenyukliya.(imephu yedatha)

(1) Indawo yayo yeparamagnetic enyibilikayo emanzini inokuphucula umqondiso wokucinga we-NMR womzimba womntu kunyango lwezonyango.

(2) I-sulphur oxide yayo ingasetyenziswa njengegridi ye-matrix ye-oscilloscope ityhubhu kunye nesikrini se-X-ray ngokukhanya okukhethekileyo.

3

(4) Ingasetyenziswa njengendawo eqinileyo yefriji yemagnethi ngaphandle kothintelo lomjikelo weCamot.

(5) Isetyenziswa njengesithinteli ukulawula inqanaba letsheyini lokusabela kwimizi-mveliso yamandla enyukliya ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukhuseleko lweentshukumo zenyukliya.

(6) Isetyenziswa njenge-additive of samarium cobalt magnet ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukusebenza akutshintshi ngeqondo lobushushu.

9

I-Terbium (Tb)

I-Terbium oxide powder (imephu yedatha)

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-terbium ikakhulu kubandakanya intsimi ye-high-tech, eyiprojekthi ye-cutting-edge ene-teknoloji enzulu kunye nolwazi olunzulu, kunye neprojekthi eneenzuzo eziphawulekayo zoqoqosho, kunye nethemba lophuhliso olukhangayo.

(1) I-Phosphors isetyenziswa njenge-activators ye-powder eluhlaza kwi-phosphors ye-tricolor, efana ne-terbium-activated phosphate matrix, i-terbium-activated silicate matrix kunye ne-terbium-activated cerium-magnesium aluminate matrix, zonke zikhupha ukukhanya okuluhlaza kwimeko evuyayo.

(2) Izinto zokugcina iMagneto-optical.Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izinto ze-terbium magneto-optical zifikelele kwisikali sokuvelisa ngobuninzi.Iidiski ze-Magneto-optical ezenziwe ngeefilimu ze-amorphous ze-Tb-Fe zisetyenziswa njengezinto zokugcina iikhomputha, kwaye amandla okugcina anyuswe ngama-10 ~ 15 amaxesha.

(3) Iglasi ye-Magneto-optical glass, i-terbium equkethe i-Faraday rotatory glass iyona nto ibalulekileyo yokuvelisa ii-rotators, i-isolators kunye ne-annulators ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-laser technology.Ngokukodwa, uphuhliso lwe-TerFenol luvule isicelo esitsha se-Terfenol, into entsha efunyenwe kwi-1970s.Isiqingatha sale ngxubevange sine-terbium kunye ne-dysprosium, ngamanye amaxesha kunye ne-holmium kwaye enye i-iron.I-alloy yaqala ukuphuhliswa yi-Ames Laboratory e-Iowa, eU.SA.Xa i-Terfenol ifakwe kumhlaba wemagnethi, ubungakanani bayo butshintsha ngaphezu kobo bezinto eziqhelekileyo zemagnethi, ezinokuthi zenze iintshukumo ezichanekileyo zoomatshini.I-iron ye-Terbium dysprosium isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-sonar ekuqaleni, kwaye isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwiindawo ezininzi ezikhoyo ngoku.Ukususela kwi-injection ye-fuel injection system, ulawulo lwe-valve ye-liquid, i-micro-positioning, kwi-activators mechanical, iindlela kunye nokulawulwa kwamaphiko kwiiteleskopu zendawo yendiza.

10

Dy (Dy)

I-Metal dysprosium (imephu yedatha)

(1) Njengesongezo semagnethi esisigxina ye-NdFeB, ukongeza malunga ne-2 ~ 3% i-dysprosium kule magneti inokuphucula amandla ayo okunyanzela.Ngaphambili, imfuno ye-dysprosium yayingenkulu, kodwa ngokunyuka kwemfuno yemagnethi ye-NdFeB, yaba yinto efunekayo yokongeza, kwaye ibakala kufuneka libe malunga ne-95 ~ 99.9%, kwaye imfuno yanda ngokukhawuleza.

(2) I-Dysprosium isetyenziswe njenge-activator ye-phosphor.I-Trivalent dysprosium yiyoni ethembisayo esebenzayo yezixhobo ze-tricolor luminescent ezineziko elilodwa lokukhanya.Ikakhulu iqulathe amabhanti amabini e-emission, enye ikukukhutshwa kokukhanya okutyheli, enye kukuphuma kokukhanya okuluhlaza.Izinto ezikhanyisayo ezinedysprosium zinokusetyenziswa njenge-tricolor phosphors.

(3) I-Dysprosium sisixhobo sesinyithi esiyimfuneko sokulungiselela i-Terfenol alloy kwi-magnetostrictive alloy, enokuqonda imisebenzi ethile echanekileyo yokunyakaza koomatshini.(4) Isinyithi se-Dysprosium sinokusetyenziswa njengento yokugcina imagneto-optical enesantya esiphezulu sokurekhoda kunye novakalelo lokufunda.

(5) Isetyenziswe ekulungiseleleni izibane ze-dysprosium, into esebenzayo esetyenziselwa izibane ze-dysprosium yi-iodide ye-dysprosium, enenzuzo yokukhanya okuphezulu, umbala omhle, ukushisa kombala ophezulu, ubungakanani obuncinci, i-arc ezinzileyo kunye nokunye, kwaye isetyenzisiwe. njengomthombo wokukhanyisa wefilimu kunye nokushicilela.

(6) I-Dysprosium isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa i-neutron energy spectrum okanye njenge-neutron absorber kushishino lwamandla e-atom ngenxa ye-neutron enkulu yokubamba indawo enqamlezayo.

7Ngophuhliso lwesayensi kunye nobuchwepheshe, imimandla yokusetyenziswa kwe-dysprosium iya kwandiswa kwaye yandiswe ngokuqhubekayo.

11

IHolmium (Ho)

Ingxubevange yeHo-Fe (imephu yedatha)

Okwangoku, intsimi yesicelo sesinyithi kufuneka iphuhliswe ngakumbi, kwaye ukusetyenziswa akukhulu kakhulu.Kutshanje, i-Rare Earth Research Institute ye-Baotou Steel iye yamkela iteknoloji yokucoca i-vacuum distillation ephezulu, kwaye iphuhlise i-high quality metal Qin Ho /> RE> 99.9% kunye nomxholo ophantsi wokungcola komhlaba okungaqhelekanga.

Okwangoku, olona setyenziso luphambili lwezitshixo zezi:

(1) Njengesongezo sesibane se-halogen yesinyithi, isibane se-halogen luhlobo lwesibane sokukhupha igesi, esiphuhliswa ngesiseko sesibane se-mercury soxinzelelo oluphezulu, kwaye uphawu lwaso kukuba ibhalbhu izaliswe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo.Okwangoku, iodide yomhlaba enqabileyo isetyenziswa kakhulu, ekhupha imigca ye-spectral eyahlukeneyo xa igesi iphuma.Into esebenzayo esetyenziswa kwisibane sentsimbi yi-qiniodide, ukuxinwa okuphezulu kwee-athomu zentsimbi kunokufumaneka kwindawo ye-arc, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kwemitha.

(2) Intsimbi ingasetyenziswa njengesongezo sokurekhoda intsimbi okanye ibhiliyoni yegarnet yealuminiyam

(3) I-Khin-doped aluminium garnet (Ho: YAG) inokukhupha i-laser ye-2um, kwaye izinga lokufunxa i-2um laser ngezicubu zomntu liphezulu, phantse imiyalelo emithathu yobukhulu obuphezulu kune-Hd: YAG.Ngoko ke, xa usebenzisa i-Ho: i-laser ye-YAG yokusebenza kwezonyango, ayikwazi nje ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuchaneka, kodwa nokunciphisa indawo yomonakalo we-thermal kubukhulu obuncinci.Umqa okhululekileyo owenziwe yikristale yokutshixa unokuphelisa amanqatha ngaphandle kokuvelisa ubushushu obugqithisileyo, Ukuze kuncitshiswe umonakalo oshushu kwizicubu eziphilileyo, kuxelwe ukuba unyango lwe-w-laser lweglaucoma eUnited States lunokunciphisa intlungu yotyando. ye-2um laser crystal e-China ifikelele kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe, ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukuphuhlisa nokuvelisa olu hlobo lwe-laser crystal.

(4) Isixa esincinci se-Cr sinokongezwa kwi-magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol-D ukunciphisa intsimi yangaphandle efunekayo kwi-saturation magnetic.

(5) Ukongeza, i-iron doped fiber ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza i-fiber laser, i-fiber amplifier, i-fiber sensor kunye nezinye izixhobo zonxibelelwano ze-optical, eziza kudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kunxibelelwano lwanamhlanje olukhawulezayo.

12

I-Erbium (ER)

I-Erbium oxide powder (itshathi yolwazi)

(1) Ukukhutshwa kokukhanya kwe-Er3 + kwi-1550nm kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo, kuba le wavelength ifumaneka kwilahleko ephantsi ye-fiber optical kunxibelelwano lwefiber optical.Emva kokuvuyiswa kukukhanya kwe-980nm kunye ne-1480nm, i-bait ion (Er3 +) idlula ukusuka kumhlaba ophantsi 4115 / 2 ukuya kwi-4I13 / 2 yamandla aphezulu. ikhupha ukukhanya kwe-1550nm.Ifayibha yequartz inokuhambisa ukukhanya kobude obahlukeneyo, nangona kunjalo, izinga lokuthomalalisa le-1550nm lelona lisezantsi (0.15 dB / km), eliphantse libe ngumda osezantsi wokuthomalalisa. isetyenziswe njengokukhanya kwesignali kwi-1550 nm. Ngale ndlela, ukuba ugxininiso olufanelekileyo lwe-bait luxutywe kwi-matrix efanelekileyo, i-amplifier inokuhlawula ilahleko kwinkqubo yonxibelelwano ngokomgaqo we-laser, ngoko ke, kuthungelwano lwe-telecommunication network. idinga ukukhulisa isignali ye-1550nm ye-optical, i-bait doped fiber amplifier sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokukhanya.Okwangoku, i-bait doped silica fiber amplifier iye yathengiswa.Kuxelwa ukuba ukuze ugweme ukufunxa okungenamsebenzi, inani le-doped kwi-fiber optical ngamashumi ukuya kumakhulu e-ppm.Uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lonxibelelwano lwe-fiber optical luya kuvula iindawo ezintsha zesicelo. .

(2) (2) Ukongeza, i-laser ye-laser ye-bait doped crystal kunye nemveliso yayo ye-1730nm laser kunye ne-1550nm laser ikhuselekile emehlweni abantu, ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-atmospheric transmission, isakhono esinamandla sokungena kwidabi lomsi, ukhuseleko oluhle, akukho lula ukubonwa utshaba, kwaye umahluko wemitha yeethagethi zomkhosi mkhulu.Yenziwe ibe yi-laser rangefinder ephathekayo ekhuselekileyo emehlweni abantu ekusetyenzisweni emkhosini.

3

(4) I-Er3 + ingasetyenziselwa njenge-ion esebenzayo kwizinto ezinqabileyo zokuguqulwa kwelaser emhlabeni.

5

13

IThulium (TM)

Emva kokukhanyiswa kwisixhobo senyukliya, ithulium ivelisa isotopu ekwazi ukukhupha iX-reyi, enokusetyenziswa njengomthombo weX-reyi ophathwayo.(Imephu yedatha)

(1)TM isetyenziswa njengomthombo wemitha yomatshini ophathwayo weX-reyi.Emva kokuba i-irradiated kwi-reactor yenyukliya,TMivelisa uhlobo lwe-isotopu olunokukhupha iX-reyi, enokusetyenziswa ukwenza isibane-gazi esiphathwayo.Olu hlobo lweradiometer inokutshintsha i-yu-169 ibeTM-170 phantsi kwesenzo se-beam ephezulu kunye nephakathi, kwaye isasaze i-X-ray ukuze i-irradiate igazi kunye nokunciphisa iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi.Zezi seli zegazi ezimhlophe ezibangela ukwaliwa ukutshintshwa kwamalungu, ukuze kuncitshiswe ukwaliwa kwangoko kwamalungu.

(2) (2)TMingasetyenziselwa ukuxilongwa kwezonyango kunye nonyango lwethumba ngenxa yokuhambelana kwayo okuphezulu kwizicubu ze-tumor, umhlaba onzima onqabileyo uhambelana ngakumbi kunokukhanya komhlaba onqabileyo, ngakumbi ukuhambelana kweYu ngowona mkhulu.

3 Ithamo lemitha yi-50%, enentsingiselo ebalulekileyo ebonakalayo kwisicelo sonyango.

(4) (4) Isibane se-metal halide sinokusetyenziswa njengesongezo kumthombo wokukhanyisa omtsha.

5 yezinto ezinqabileyo zokuguqulwa kwelaser emhlabeni.

14

I-Ytterbium (Yb)

Intsimbi yeYtterbium (imephu yedatha)

(1) Njengoko i-thermal shielding coating material.Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba isibuko sinokuphucula ukuxhathisa kwe-corrosion ye-electrodeposited zinc coating ngokucacileyo, kwaye ubungakanani beenkozo zokugquma ngesibuko buncinci kunobo bengubo ngaphandle kwesibuko.

2 imagnetostriction enkulu.

(3) Into yesipili esetyenziselwa ukulinganisa uxinzelelo.Iimvavanyo zibonisa ukuba uvakalelo lwesibuko luphezulu kuluhlu loxinzelelo olulinganisiweyo, oluvula indlela entsha yokusetyenziswa kwesibuko kumlinganiselo woxinzelelo.

(4) Ukuzaliswa okusekwe kwintlaka kwimingxuma yemolars ukuze kuthathelwe indawo isilivere ye-amalgam edla ngokusetyenziswa kwixesha elidlulileyo.

(5) Abaphengululi baseJapan bagqibe ngempumelelo ukulungiswa kwe-mirror-doped vanadium baht garnet embekelwe umgca we-waveguide laser, obaluleke kakhulu ekuphuhliseni ngakumbi ubugcisa belaser.Ukongeza, isibuko sikwasetyenziselwa i-activator ye-fluorescent powder, i-radioceramics, into yememori yekhompyutheni ye-elektroniki (i-bubble magnetic) eyongezelelweyo, i-glass fiber flux kunye ne-optical glass additive, njl.

15

ILutetium (Lu)

Lutetium oxide powder (imephu yedatha)

Ikristale yeYttrium lutetium silicate (imephu yedatha)

(1) yenza ialloyi ezikhethekileyo.Ngokomzekelo, i-lutetium aluminiyam ialloy ingasetyenziselwa uhlalutyo lwe-neutron yokuvuselela.

(2) I-lutetium nuclides ezinzileyo idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-petroleum cracking, i-alkylation, i-hydrogenation kunye ne-polymerization.

(3) Ukongezwa kwentsimbi ye-yttrium okanye i-yttrium aluminium garnet kunokuphucula ezinye iimpawu.

4

5Iimvavanyo zibonisa ukuba i-lutetium-doped NYAB crystal iphezulu kwi-crystal ye-NYAB kwi-optical uniformity kunye nokusebenza kwe-laser.

(6) Kufunyenwe ukuba i-lutetium inezicelo ezinokubakho kwi-electrochromic display kunye ne-low-dimensional semiconductors ye-molecular.Ukongeza, i-lutetium ikwasetyenziswa kubuchwephesha bebhetri yamandla kunye ne-activator ye-phosphor.

16

Yttrium (y)

I-Yttrium isetyenziswa ngokubanzi, i-yttrium aluminium garnet ingasetyenziselwa njengento ye-laser, i-yttrium iron garnet isetyenziselwa iteknoloji ye-microwave kunye nokudluliselwa kwamandla acoustic, kunye ne-europium-doped yttrium vanadate kunye ne-europium-doped yttrium oxide zisetyenziswa njenge-phosphors kwiisethi ze-TV zemibala.(imephu yedatha)

(1) Izongezo zentsimbi kunye ne-non-ferrous alloys.I-alloy ye-FeCr ngokuqhelekileyo iqulethe i-0.5-4% ye-yttrium, enokuphucula ukuxhathisa i-oxidation kunye ne-ductility yezi zinsimbi ezingenasici;Iimpawu ezibanzi ze-MB26 alloy ngokucacileyo ziphuculwe ngokongeza inani elifanelekileyo le-yttrium ecebileyo exutywe umhlaba onqabileyo, onokuthatha indawo ye-alloys ye-aluminium esomeleleyo kwaye isetyenziswe kumacandelo agxininisiweyo eenqwelomoya.Ukongeza inani elincinci lomhlaba onqabileyo we-yttrium-ocebileyo kwi-al-Zr alloy,Ukuqhuba kwe-alloy kunokuphucula;I-alloy yamkelwe ngobuninzi beefektri zocingo e-China.Ukongeza i-yttrium kwi-alloy yobhedu iphucula i-conductivity kunye namandla omatshini.

(2) I-silicon ye-nitride ye-ceramic imathiriyeli equlethe i-6% ye-yttrium kunye ne-2% ye-aluminiyam ingasetyenziselwa ukuphuhlisa iindawo ze-injini.

(3) I-Nd: Y: Al: I-Garnet laser beam enamandla eewatts ezingama-400 isetyenziselwa ukomba, ukusika kunye nokuwelda izinto ezinkulu.

(4) Isikrini se-electron microscope esenziwe yi-Y-Al garnet ikristale enye inokukhanya okuphezulu kwe-fluorescence, ukufunxa okuphantsi kokukhanya okuthe saa, kunye nokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu kunye nokumelana nokunxiba koomatshini.

(5) I-yttrium ephezulu yesakhiwo esine-90% ye-yttrium ingasetyenziselwa ukuhamba ngeenqwelomoya kunye nezinye iindawo ezifuna uxinano oluphantsi kunye nendawo ephezulu yokunyibilika.

(6) I-Yttrium-doped SrZrO3 yobushushu obuphezulu beproton izinto eziqhubayo, ezitsala ingqwalasela enkulu ngoku, zibaluleke kakhulu ekuvelisweni kweeseli zamafutha, iiseli ze-electrolytic kunye ne-gas sensors ezifuna ukunyibilika kwe-hydrogen ephezulu.Ukongeza, i-yttrium iphinda isetyenziswe njengesixhobo sokutshiza sobushushu obuphezulu, i-diluent ye-atomic reactor fuel, i-additive for permanent materials magnetic, kunye ne-getter kushishino lwe-elektroniki.

17

Iscandiyam (Sc)

I-Metal scandium (imephu yedatha)

Xa kuthelekiswa ne-yttrium kunye ne-lanthanide element, i-scandium ine-radius encinci ye-ionic kunye ne-alkalinity ebuthathaka ngakumbi ye-hydroxide.Ngoko ke, xa i-scandium kunye nezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zixutywe kunye, i-scandium iya kudlula kuqala xa iphathwa nge-ammonia (okanye i-alkali ehlanjululwe kakhulu), ngoko inokwahlulwa ngokulula kwizinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ngendlela "yemvula eqhekezayo".Enye indlela kukusebenzisa i-polarization decomposition ye-nitrate yokwahlula.I-nitrate ye-scandium yeyona nto ilula ukubola, ngaloo ndlela ifezekisa injongo yokuhlukana.

I-Sc inokufunyanwa nge-electrolysis.I-ScCl3, i-KCl kunye ne-LiCl ziyanyibilika ngexesha lokucocwa kwe-scandium, kwaye i-zinc etyhidiweyo isetyenziswa njenge-cathode ye-electrolysis, ukwenzela ukuba i-scandium ifakwe kwi-electrode ye-zinc, kwaye i-zinc ikhutshwe ukuze ifumane i-scandium.Ukongeza, i-scandium ifunyanwa ngokulula xa kusenziwa i-ore ukuvelisa i-uranium, i-thorium kunye ne-lanthanide element.Ukubuyiswa okubanzi kwe-scandium enxulumene ne-tungsten kunye ne-tin ore ikwangomnye wemithombo ebalulekileyo ye-scandium.ikwimeko ene-trivalent kwikhompawundi, ethi ifakwe ioksijini ngokulula ibe yi-Sc2O3 emoyeni kwaye iphulukane nokubengezela kwesinyithi kwaye ijike ibe ngwevu emnyama.　

Ukusetyenziswa okuphambili kwe-scandium zezi:

(1) I-Scandium inokusabela ngamanzi ashushu ukukhulula i-hydrogen, kwaye iphinda inyibilike kwi-asidi, ngoko iyi-arhente yokunciphisa eyomeleleyo.

(2) IScandium oxide nehydroxide zinealkaline kuphela, kodwa uthuthu lwalo lwetyuwa alunakwenziwa ngehydrolyzed.I-Scandium chloride yikristale emhlophe, inyibilika emanzini kunye ne-deliquescent emoyeni.　(3) Kwishishini le-metallurgical, i-scandium isoloko isetyenziselwa ukwenza i-alloys (i-additives of alloys) ukuphucula amandla, ubunzima, ukumelana nobushushu kunye nokusebenza kwee-alloys.Ngokomzekelo, ukongeza inani elincinci le-scandium kwintsimbi etyhidiweyo inokuphucula kakhulu iimpawu zentsimbi etyhidiweyo, ngelixa ukongeza inani elincinci le-scandium kwi-aluminium kunokuphucula amandla ayo kunye nokumelana nokushisa.