Gadolinium zirconate(I-Gd₂Zr₂O₇), ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-zirconate gadolinium, yi-ceramic ye-oxide enqabileyo yomhlaba exabiswayo ngenxa yokuhanjiswa kwayo okuphantsi kakhulu kwe-thermal kunye nozinzo olukhethekileyo lobushushu. Ngamagama alula, “yi-super-insulator” kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu – ubushushu abuhambeli kuyo ngokulula. Le propati iyenza ilungele ukugquma kwe-thermal barrier (TBCs), ekhusela iinxalenye ze-injini kunye ne-injini yomoya kubushushu obugqithisileyo. Njengoko ihlabathi lityhalela ekucoceni, amandla asebenzayo ngakumbi, izixhobo ezifana ne-gadolinium zirconate zifumana ingqwalasela: zinceda ii-injini ukuba ziqhube ngakumbi kwaye zisebenza kakuhle, zitshisa amafutha amancinci kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa.
Yintoni iGadolinium Zirconate?
Ngokwekhemikhali, i-gadolinium zirconate yi-ceramic eyakhiwe nge-pyrochlore: iqulethe i-gadolinium (Gd) kunye ne-zirconium (Zr) i-cations ehlelwe kwi-lattice ye-three-dimensional ene-oxygen. Ifomula yayo ihlala ibhalwe Gd₂Zr₂O₇ (okanye ngamanye amaxesha Gd₂O₃·ZrO₂). Le kristale iodolwe (pyrochlore) inokutshintsha ibe yi-disordered fluorite structure kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu (~1530 °C). Okubalulekileyo, iyunithi yefomula nganye inesithuba se-oksijini-i-athomu ye-oksijini engekhoyo-esasaza ngamandla iiphonon ezithwala ubushushu. Loo quirk yolwakhiwo sesinye sezizathu zokuba i-gadolinium zirconate iqhube ubushushu bungaphantsi ngokufanelekileyo kuneeseramics eziqhelekileyo.
I-Epomaterial kunye nabanye abathengisi benza i-high-purity Gd₂Zr₂O₇ powder (ihlala i-99.9% ecocekileyo, i-CAS 11073-79-3) ngokukodwa kwizicelo ze-TBC. Umzekelo, iphepha lemveliso ye-Epomaterial liqaqambisa “I-Gadolinium Zirconate yi-ceramic esekwe kwi-oxide ene-thermal conductivity ephantsi” esetyenziswa kwii-TBCs ze-plasma-spray. Iinkcazo ezinjalo zigxininisa ukuba umgangatho wayo ophantsi-k ungundoqo kwixabiso layo. (Ewe, uluhlu lwe-Epomaterial lwe-"Zirconate Gadolinium (GZO)" ipowder lubonisa njengento emhlophe, i-oxide-based based thermal spray.
Kutheni i-Lowthermal Conductivity ibalulekile?
I-Thermal conductivity (κ) ilinganisa indlela ubushushu obuhamba ngayo ngokukhawuleza kwizinto eziphathekayo. I-Gadolinium zirconate's κ iphantsi ngokumangalisayo kwi-ceramic, ngakumbi kumaqondo obushushu afana ne-injini. Uphononongo lunika ingxelo yamaxabiso ngokolandelelwano lwe-1–2 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ malunga ne-1000 °C. Ngomxholo, i-yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) - umgangatho we-TBC wamashumi eminyaka ubudala - malunga ne-2–3 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ kumaqondo obushushu afanayo. Kolunye uphononongo, uWu et al. ifumene i-conductivity ye-Gd₂Zr₂O₇ ibe ~1.6 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ ngo-700 °C, xa ithelekiswa ne- ~2.3 ye-YSZ phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo. Enye ingxelo iphawula uluhlu lwe-1.0–1.8 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ kwi-1000 °C ye-gadolinium zirconate, “ephantsi kune-YSZ”. Ngokwenyani, oku kuthetha ukuba umaleko we-GdZr₂O₇ uyakuvumela ubushushu obungaphantsi kakhulu kunomaleko we-YSZ olinganayo kumaleko obushushu aphezulu-inzuzo enkulu yokugquma.
IiNzuzo eziPhambili zeGadolinium Zirconate (Gd₂Zr₂O₇):
I-Ultra-low conductivity ye-thermal: ~ 1-2 W / m · K kwi-700-1000 °C, kakhulu ngaphantsi kwe-YSZ.
Uzinzo lwenqanaba eliphezulu: Uzinza ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1500 °C, kude lee ngaphezulu kwe-YSZ's ~1200 °C umda.
Ukwandiswa kwe-thermal ephezulu: Yandisa ngaphezulu kokufudumeza kune-YSZ, enokunciphisa uxinzelelo kwiingubo.
I-oxidation kunye nokumelana nokubola: Yenza izigaba ze-oxide ezizinzile; ixhathisa iidiphozithi ezityhidiweyo ze-CMAS ezingcono kune-YSZ (i-zirconates ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zivame ukusabela ngeediphozithi ze-silicate kwaye zenze iikristale zokukhusela).
I-Eco-impact: Ngokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-injini/i-injini yomoya, inceda ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha kunye nokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo.
Nganye kwezi zinto zibophelela umva ekusebenziseni amandla kunye nozinzo. Ngenxa yokuba i-GdZr₂O₇ ikhusela ngcono, ii-injini zidinga ukupholisa okuncinci kwaye zinokubaleka ngokushushu, ziguqulela ngokuthe ngqo ekusebenzeni okuphezulu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamafutha aphantsi. Njengoko uphononongo lweDyunivesithi yaseVirginia lubona, ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-TBC kuthetha ukutshisa “ipetroli encinci ukwenza umlinganiselo ofanayo wamandla, okukhokelela… Ngamafutshane, i-gadolinium zirconate inokunceda oomatshini baqhube kakuhle.
I-Thermal Conductivity kwiNgcaciso
Ukuphendula umbuzo ophambili "Yintoni i-thermal conductivity ye-gadolinium zirconate?": Iphantsi kakhulu kwi-ceramic, malunga ne-1-2 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ kuluhlu lwe-700-1000 °C. Oku kungqinwe zizifundo ezininzi. Wu et al. ingxelo ≈1.6 W / m·K kwi-700 °C ye-Gd₂Zr₂O₇, ngelixa i-YSZ ilinganisa ≈2.3 phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo. Shen et al. qaphela “1.0–1.8 W/m·K nge-1000 °C”. Ngokuchaseneyo, i-YSZ's conductivity kwi-1000 °C iqhelekile malunga ne-2–3 W/m·K. Kwimihla ngemihla, khawufane ucinge iithayile ezimbini zokugquma kwisitovu esishushu: enye ene-GdZr₂O₇ igcina umva upholile kakhulu kunethayile ye-YSZ yobukhulu obufanayo.
Kutheni i-Gd₂Zr₂O₇ iphantsi kangaka? Ubume bayo bekristale buthintela ukuhamba kobushushu. Izithuba zeoksijini kwiyunithi nganye yeseli zisasaza iiphonon (ezithwala ubushushu), kunye nobunzima beathom ye-gadolinium bumanzisa ngakumbi ukungcangcazela kweeletisi. Njengoko omnye umthombo uchaza, "isithuba se-oksijini sonyusa ukusasazwa kwe-phonon kwaye sinciphisa ukuhanjiswa kwe-thermal". Abavelisi baxhaphaza le propati: Amanqaku ekhathalogu ye-Epomaterial i-GdZr₂O₇ isetyenziswa kwi-plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings ngokukodwa ngenxa ye-low κ. Ngokwenene, i-microstructure yayo ibamba ukushisa ngaphakathi, ikhusela isinyithi esingaphantsi.
I-Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) kunye nezicelo
Iingubo zokuthintela i-thermalngamaleyi eceramic afakwa kwiindawo zentsimbi ezijongene neegesi ezishushu (njengamacangca einjini yomoya). Ngokubonakalisa kunye nokukhusela ubushushu, ii-TBCs zivumela ii-injini kunye neeinjini zomoya ukuba zisebenze kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu ngaphandle kokunyibilika. I-Gadolinium zirconate iye yavela njengeizixhobo ze-TBC zesizukulwana esilandelayo, ukuncedisana okanye ukubuyisela i-YSZ kwiimeko ezinzima. Izizathu eziphambili ziquka ukuzinza kunye nokugquma:
Ukusebenza kobushushu obugqithisileyo:Inguqu yesigaba se-Gd₂Zr₂O₇ ye-pyrochlore-to-fluorite yenzeka kufutshane1530 °C, ngaphezu kweYSZ's ~1200 °C. Oku kuthetha ukuba iingubo ze-GdZr₂O₇ zihlala zomelele kumaqondo obushushu atshisayo amacandelo ale mihla ashushu einjini yomoya.
Ukuxhathisa kwi-corrosion eshushu:Uvavanyo lubonisa ukuba i-zirconates enqabileyo yomhlaba efana ne-GdZr₂O₇ isabela nge-debris ye-injini etyhidiweyo (ebizwa ngokuba yi-CMAS: i-calcium-magnesium-alumino-silicate) ukuze yenze izitywina ezizinzile ze-crystalline, ukukhusela ukungena ngaphakathi. Le yinto enkulu kwiinjini zejethi ezibhabha kuthuthu lwentaba-mlilo okanye isanti.
Iingubo ezileyiweyo:Iinjineli zihlala zinxibelelanisa i-GdZr₂O₇ kunye ne-YSZ kwizitaki ezinemigangatho emininzi. Umzekelo, i-YSZ underlayer encinci inokuthintela ukwanda kwe-thermal, ngelixa i-GdZr₂O₇ umaleko ophezulu ubonelela nge-insulation ephezulu kunye nokuzinza. Ii-TBC “zomaleko-mbini” ezinjalo zinokusebenzisa ezona mathiriyeli zimbini.
Usetyenziso:Ngenxa yezi mpawu, i-GdZr₂O₇ ifanelekile kwiinjini zesizukulwana esilandelayo kunye nezixhobo ze-aerospace. Abavelisi beenjini zeJet kunye nabayili be-rocket banomdla kuyo, kuba ukunyamezela ubushushu obuphezulu kuthetha ukuqhubela phambili kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Kwii turbines zerhasi zezityalo zamandla (kubandakanywa nezo zidityaniswe nemithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo), ukusebenzisa i-GdZr₂O₇ ii-coatings kunokucudisa amandla angaphezulu kwi-fuel efanayo. Umzekelo, i-NASA iphawula ukuba ukufikelela "kubushushu obuphezulu obuyimfuneko ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kakuhle kweenjini ze-injini ye-injini yegesi," i-YSZ ayanelanga, kwaye izinto ezifana ne-gadolinium zirconate ziyafundwa endaweni yoko.
Nangaphaya kwee turbines, nayiphi na inkqubo efuna ukukhuselwa kobushushu kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu inokuzuza. Oku kubandakanya iinqwelo zokuhamba ngenqwelomoya, iinjini zemoto ezisebenza kakhulu, kunye novavanyo lwezamkeli zamandla obushushu belanga apho ukukhanya kwelanga kugxile kubushushu obugqithisileyo. Kwimeko nganye, injongo iyafana:gquma iindawo ezishushu ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle. Ukugquma ngcono kuthetha ukupholisa okunganeno okufunekayo, iiradiyetha ezincinci, uyilo olukhaphukhaphu, kwaye ngokubalulekileyo, ukutshisa isibaso esincinci okanye ukusebenzisa amandla amancinci okufakwayo.
Uzinzo kunye nokuSebenza ngokuSebenza kwamandla
Umgangatho wokusingqongileyogadolinium zirconateivela kwindima yayo kwiukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokunciphisa inkcitho. Ngokuvumela ii-injini kunye nee-injini zomoya ukuba ziqhube shushu kwaye zizinzile ngakumbi, ii-coatings ze-GdZr₂O₇ zinegalelo ngokuthe ngqo ekutshiseni amafutha amancinci kwimveliso efanayo. IYunivesithi yaseVirginia iqaqambisa ukuba ukuphucula ii-TBCs kukhokelela “ekutshisweni kwepetroli encinci ukuvelisa amandla afanayo, okukhokelela… ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yobushushu obuphantsi”. Ngamagama alula, yonke ipesenti yokusebenza kakuhle efunyenweyo inokuguqulela iitoni ze-CO₂ ezigcinwe kubomi bomatshini.
Qwalasela inqwelo-moya: ukuba iiinjini zayo zomoya zisebenza ngokufanelekileyo nge-3–5% ngaphezulu, ukonga amafutha (kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwenqwelo-moya) kumawaka eenqwelo-moya mkhulu kakhulu. Ngokunjalo, oomatshini bombane - kwanabo batshisa irhasi yendalo - bayazuza kuba banokuvelisa umbane omninzi kwicubic meter nganye yamafutha. Xa iigridi zombane zixuba izinto ezivuselelekayo kunye ne-iturbine backup, ukuba nee turbines ezisebenza ngokufanelekileyo zigudisa imfuno ephezulu ngepetroli eyongeziweyo encinci.
Kwicala labathengi, nantoni na eyandisa ubomi be-injini okanye icutha ulondolozo nayo inefuthe lokusingqongileyo. Ii-TBCs ezisebenza ngokuphezulu zinokwandisa ubomi bamacandelo ashushu, okuthetha ukutshintshwa okumbalwa kunye nenkunkuma encinci yemizi-mveliso. Kwaye kwimbono yozinzo, i-GdZr₂O₇ ngokwayo izinzile ngokwekhemikhali (ayiyi kugqwala ngokulula okanye ikhuphe umphunga oyityhefu), kwaye iindlela zangoku zemveliso zivumela ukuphinda kusetyenziswe umgubo weceramic ongasetyenziswanga. (Ngokuqinisekileyo, i-gadolinium ngumhlaba onqabileyo, ngoko ke ukufunwa okunoxanduva kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe kwakhona kubalulekile. Kodwa oku kuyinyaniso kuzo zonke izinto zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, kwaye amashishini amaninzi anolawulo lwe-chain-chain controls kwi-rare-earths.)
Izicelo kwiGreen Technologies
IJethi yesiZukulwana esilandelayo kunye neeNjini zeenqwelomoya:Iinjini zejethi zangoku nezexesha elizayo zijolise kubushushu obuphezulu obuhlala buphezulu ukuphucula ubungakanani be-thrust-to-weight ratios kunye noqoqosho lwamafutha. Uzinzo oluphezulu lwe-GdZr₂O₇ kunye nezantsi κ luxhasa ngokuthe ngqo le njongo. Umzekelo, iijethi zomkhosi ezikwizinga eliphezulu kunye neenqwelomoya ezicetywayo zorhwebo eziphezulu zinokubona impumelelo yokusebenza kwi-GdZr₂O₇ TBCs.
IiTurbines zeGesi yoShishino naMandla:Izinto eziluncedo zisebenzisa iiiturbines ezinkulu zegesi kumandla aphezulu kunye nezityalo ezidityanisiweyo zomjikelo. Iingubo ze-GdZr₂O₇ zivumela ezi turbines ukuba zikhuphe amandla amaninzi kwigalelo ngalinye lamafutha, oku kuthetha ukuba iimegawathi ezininzi ngamafutha afanayo okanye iimegawathi ezifanayo ezinepetroli encinci. Le uptick esebenzayo inceda ukunciphisa i-CO₂ nge-MWh nganye yombane.
I-Aerospace (IziThuthi ze-Spacecraft kunye neZithuthi zokuNgena kwakhona):Iishuttles zasemajukujukwini kunye neerokethi zifumana amadyungudyungu okungena kwakhona kunye nokuqalisa ubushushu. Ngelixa i-GdZr₂O₇ ingasetyenziswanga kuyo yonke le miphezulu, ifundelwa ukusetyenziswa kwimibhobho yemoto ephezulu kunye nemilomo ye-injini kumacandelo obushushu obuphezulu kakhulu. Nakuphi na ukuphuculwa kunokunciphisa iimfuno zokupholisa okanye uxinzelelo lwezinto eziphathekayo.
IiNkqubo zaMandla oHlaza:Kwizityalo zamandla obushushu belanga, izipili zijolisa ukukhanya kwelanga kwizamkeli ezifikelela kwi-1000+ °C. Ukwambathisa aba bamkeli ngeekeramikhi ezisezantsi-k ezifana ne-GdZr₂O₇ kunokuphucula ukugquma, ukwenza uguqulo lwelanga ukuya kumbane lusebenze ngakumbi. Kwakhona, iijenereyitha ze-thermoelectric zovavanyo (eziguqula ubushushu ngokuthe ngqo kumbane) ziyazuza ukuba icala labo elishushu lihlala lishushu.
Kuzo zonke ezi meko, iifuthe lokusingqongileyoivela ekusebenziseni amandla amancinci (amafutha okanye igalelo lamandla) kumsebenzi ofanayo. Ukusebenza okuphezulu kusoloko kuthetha ubushushu obuphantsi benkunkuma kwaye ngoko ke ukukhutshwa okumbalwa kwemveliso enikiweyo. Njengoko enye inzululwazi yezixhobo ikubeka, izixhobo ezingcono ze-TBC ezifana ne-gadolinium zirconate zingundoqo "kwikamva lamandla azinzileyo" ngokwenza iiinjini zomoya kunye neenjini zisebenze ngokupholileyo, zihlale ixesha elide, kwaye zisebenze ngokufanelekileyo.
Iimbalasane zobuGcisa
I-Gadolinium zirconate indibaniselwano yeepropati yodwa. Ukushwankathela iinyani ezibalaseleyo:
Phantsi κ, indawo ephezulu yokunyibilika:Indawo yayo yokunyibilika yi ~2570 °C, kodwa ubushushu bayo obuluncedo bukhawulelwe luzinzo lwesigaba (~1500 °C). Nokuba ngaphantsi kokunyibilika, ihlala isisigqubuthelo esibalaseleyo.
Ubume beCrystal:Ine-aipyrochlorei-lattice (isithuba seqela Fd3m) ebaifluorite enesiphenekwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu. Olu tshintsho lu-odolweyo aluthobi umgangatho wokusebenza kude kube ngaphezulu kwe- ~ 1200–1500 °C.
Ukwandiswa kweThermal:I-GdZr₂O₇ inomlinganiselo ophezulu wokwandisa ubushushu kune-YSZ. Oku kunokuba luncedo ngokuthelekisa ngcono ii-substrates zentsimbi kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko wokuqhekeka ekufudumeni.
Iimpawu zoomatshini:Njengeceramic eshwabeneyo, ayiqini ncam – ngoko ke iidyasi zihlala ziyisebenzisa ngokudityaniswa (umz. GdZr₂O₇ umaleko obhityileyo ongaphezulu ngaphezulu kwesiseko esomeleleyo).
Ukuvelisa:I-GdZr₂O₇ TBCs ingasetyenziswa ngeendlela eziqhelekileyo (isitshizi seplasma somoya, isitshizi seplasma esimisiweyo, i-EB-PVD). Ababoneleli abafana ne-Epomaterial banikela nge-GdZr₂O₇ powder eyenzelwe ngokukodwa i-spray ye-plasma.
Ezi nkcukacha zobuchwephesha zilinganiswe ngokufikeleleka: ngelixa i-gadolinium kunye ne-zirconium "ziizinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba", i-oxide ebangelwa yi-chemically inert kwaye ikhuselekile ukuphatha ukusetyenziswa kwezoshishino eziqhelekileyo. (Kuhlala kuthathwa inkathalo ukunqanda ukuphefumla umgubo ocolekileyo, kodwa i-Gd₂Zr₂O₇ ayinabungozi kunezinye iikeramics ze-oxide.)
Ukuqukumbela
Zirconate gadolinium(Gd₂Zr₂O₇) yimathiriyeli yeceramic ekhokelayo edibanisayoukuqina kobushushu obuphezulukunyei-thermal conductivity ephantsi kakhulu. Ezi mpawu ziyenza ilungele ukugquma isithintelo se-thermal kwi-aerospace, ukuveliswa kwamandla, kunye nezinye izicelo zobushushu obuphezulu. Ngokwenza amaqondo okushisa aphezulu okusebenza kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-injini, i-gadolinium zirconate inegalelo ngokuthe ngqo ekugcinweni kwamandla kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa - iinjongo entliziyweni yobuchwepheshe obuzinzileyo. Kwiphulo leenjini eziluhlaza kunye nee turbines, imathiriyeli efana ne-GdZr₂O₇ idlala indima ebalulekileyo: ziyasivumela ukuba sityhale imida yokusebenza ngelixa sinciphisa indawo yethu yokusingqongileyo.
Kwiinjineli kunye nososayensi bezinto eziphathekayo, i-gadolinium zirconate ifanelekile ukubukela. I-thermal conductivity yayo (malunga ne-1–2 W/m·K kwi- ~ 1000 °C) iphakathi kweyona iphantsi kuyo nayiphi na i-ceramic, kodwa inokumelana nobushushu obugqithileyo bee turbines zesizukulwana esilandelayo. Ababoneleli (kubandakanywa ne-Epomaterial'si-zirconate gadolinium (GZO) 99.9%imveliso) sele ibonelela ngale mathiriyeli kwi-thermal spray coatings, ebonisa ukukhula kokusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso. Njengoko imfuno inyuka yococeko lophapho kunye neenkqubo zamandla, ibhalansi eyodwa ye-gadolinium zirconate yeepropathi - ukugquma ubushushu ngelixa inyamezele - yeyona nto kanye ifunekayo.
Imithombo:Izifundo eziphononongwe ngoontanga kunye noshicilelo lweshishini kwiipyrochlores ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kunye nee-TBCs. (Uluhlu lwemveliso ye-Epomaterial ye-Gd₂Zr₂O₇ ibonelela ngezinto eziphathekayo.) Ezi ziqinisekisa amaxabiso e-thermal conductivity aphantsi kwaye ziqaqambisa iingenelo zozinzo lwemathiriyeli ye-TBC ephezulu.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-04-2025