Kwilizwe lomlingo le-chemistry,ibangaIhlala itsala ingqalelo yezazinzulu nge-charm yayo eyahlukileyo kunye nesicelo sayo ngokubanzi. Nangona le sithwili-into yentsimbi emhlophe ingabi nakukhathaza njengegolide okanye isilivere, idlala indima engathethekiyo kumasimi amaninzi. Ukusuka kwizixhobo ezichanekileyo kwiilebhu zophando zesayensi kwimveliso engu-prow kwimveliso yovavanyo kwicandelo lezonyango, iBarium ibhalile imbali ye-chemistry kunye nemisebenzi.
Kwangoko i-1602, iCassio Lauro, i-Shoomaker kwiSixeko sase-Italiyane sase-Italiyane sase-Italiyane, i-barite ene-barium ye-barlium enesidlwenguli esinebhanti esinokuqina kwaye samangaliswa kukufumana ubumnyama. Oku kwafunyanwa kwavusa umdla omkhulu kubafundi ngelo xesha, kwaye eli litye lalibizwa ngokuba yiPorra ilitye kwaye kwaba kukugxila kophando ngabaShemists zaseYurophu.
Nangona kunjalo, yayiyinkqubo yeSweden Scheele eqinisekisa ngokwenene ukuba i-Barium ibiyinto entsha. Wafumanisa i-Barium oxide nge-1774 kwaye wayibiza ngokuba ngu "Baryta" (umhlaba onzima). Wayifunda le nto ngobunzulu kwaye ekholelwa ukuba yenziwe ngumhlaba omtsha (oside) udityaniswe ne-sulfuric acid. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, wakhuphela ngempumelelo intetho yalo mhlaba mtsha waza wafumana i-oxide ecocekileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, nangona icebo lafumanisa i-Oxilel, yayingekuko ukuya kwi-1808 ukuba i-checker yeBritish Dayv ivelise ngempumelelo i-Anctrollyte ye-electrolyte eyenziwe nge-i-electrolyte eyenziwe nge-i-electrolyte eyenziwe nge-i-electrolyte. Oku kwafunyanwa kwaphawula ukuqinisekiswa kwe-Barium njengezinto zentsimbi, kwaye kwavulela uhambo lokusetyenziswa kwebarium kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo.
Ukusukela ngoko, abantu basebenza ngokuqhubekayo ngokuqhubekayo ukuqonda kwabo ngebarium. Izazinzulu zihlolisile iimfihlakalo zendalo kwaye zikhuthaze inkqubela phambili yeSayensi neTekhnoloji ngokufunda iipropathi kunye nokuziphatha kwebaium. Ukusetyenziswa kweqonga kuphando lwezesayensi, ishishini, kunye namasimi ezonyango kuye kwakhula ngakumbi, ukuzisa lula kunye nokuthuthuzela ubomi be-barium ayikho kuphela ekusebenziseni kwayo, kodwa nakwintsomi ebusweni emva kwayo. Izazinzulu zikhawulezise ukuphonononga iimfihlakalo zendalo kwaye zikhuthaze inkqubela phambili yesayensi kunye netekhnoloji ngokufunda iipropathi kunye nokuziphatha kwebarium. Kwangelo xesha, i-Barium ikwadlala ngokuzola indima kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla, ukuzisa lula nokuthuthuzela ubomi bethu.
Masiqalise olu hambo lomlingo wokuhlola i-barium, ityhile isigqubuthelo sayo esingaqondakaliyo, kwaye uyixabise umtsalane wayo owodwa. Kwinqaku elilandelayo, siza kwazisa ngokuqatha iipropathi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-Barium, kunye nendima yayo ebalulekileyo kuPhando lweSayensi, ishishini, kunye namayeza. Ndiyakholelwa ukuba ngokufunda eli nqaku, uya kuba nokuqonda okunzulu kunye nolwazi lwebarium.
I-1. Imihlaba yesicelo sebarium
I-Barium yinto eqhelekileyo yekhemikhali. Yinto yesilivere-intsimbi emhlophe ekhoyo ngohlobo lweeminerali ezahlukeneyo kwindalo. Oku kulandelayo kukusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla ye-barium
Ukutsha kunye nokuntywila: I-Barium yintsimbi esebenzayo kakhulu evelisa ilangatye eliqaqambileyo xa linxibelelana ne-ammonia okanye ioksijini. Oku kwenza ukuba ibhanti isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kumashishini anje ngemizi yomlilo, iiflethi, kunye ne-phosphoru.
Ishishini lezonyango: I-Barium Compoundus isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwishishini lezonyango. Izidlo ze-Barium (ezinjengeepilisi zerhasi) zisetyenziswa kwiimviwo ze-gestrointenal x-ray ukunceda oogqirha bajonga ukusebenza kwenkqubo yokugaya ukutya. I-Barium Complets ikwasetyenziswa kwezinye iindlela zerediyo, ezinje nge-iodine ye-radiound yonyango lwesifo sakho.
Iglasi kunye ne-ceramics: I-ceramics: I-Barium Compounds ihlala isetyenziswa kwiglasi kunye nemveliso ye-ceramic ngenxa yenqaku labo elinyibilikileyo kunye nokunyanzelwa kokunyanzelwa. I-Barium Counts inokuphucula ubulukhuni kunye namandla e-ceramics kwaye inokubonelela ngeempawu ezizodwa ze-ceramics, ezinje nge-inshurensi yombane kunye nesalathiso esiphezulu sokwenza umqatha.
I-Alloys yensimbi: I-Barium inokwenza izabelo ngezinye izinto zensimbi, kwaye ezi zameleyo zineepropathi ezizodwa. Umzekelo, izabelo zeBharimu zinganyusa indawo yokunyibilika ye-aluminium kunye ne-Alneys, zenza ukuba kube lula ukuzicwangcisa. Ukongeza, i-barium alloys enepropathi yemagazini nayo isetyenziselwa ukwenza iipleyiti zebhetri kunye nezinto zemagnethi.
I-Barium yindawo yemichiza enophawu lwekhemikhali ye-Bikhali ye-56. I-Barium yintsimbi ye-alkali ene-Alkaline eyokwenziwe kwiqela le-6 leqela leqela.
I-2. Iipropathi zomzimba zebarium
I-Barium (Ba)yinto yentsimbi yentsimbi ye-alkaline. 1. Imbonakalo: I-Barium yintsimbi ethambileyo, isilivere-emhlophe ene-nyibili yentsimbi eyahlukileyo xa usike.
I-2. Ukuxinana: I-Barium inoxinano oluphezulu malunga ne-3.5 g / cm³. Yenye yezinyithi ezimnyama emhlabeni.
I-3. Iinyibiba kunye neendawo zokubila: Indawo yokunyibilika ye-Barium imalunga nama-727 ° C kwaye inqaku lokubila malunga ne-1897 ° C.
I-4. Ubunzima: I-Barium yintsimbi ethambileyo kunye ne-mohs elukhuni malunga ne-1.25 nge-20 degrees Celsius.
5. Ukuqhutywa: I-Barium ngumqhubi olungileyo wombane ngokuphumeza kombane okuphezulu.
I-6. I-Decility: nangona ibarrium yintsimbi ethambileyo, inomgangatho othile we-tecility kwaye inokwenziwa ibe ngamashiti amancinci okanye iingcingo.
7. Umsebenzi weekhemikhali: I-Barium ayiphenduli ngamalungu amancinci kunye nezinyithi ezininzi kubushushu begumbi, kodwa zibumba ubushushu obuphakathi nasemoyeni. Ingakha iifakwene nezinto ezininzi ezingezizo ezingezizo, ezinjengee oxide, i-Sulfide, njl.
I-8. Iifom zobukho: iiminerali ezinesibambo eseburhulumenteni esemhlabeni, njenge-barium (i-Barium yeSwelfate), njl njl. Njl.
I-9.
10. Isicelo: I-Barium Compounds isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwishishini, njengeglasi, i-rubbels ye-suble ye-elektroniki idla ngokusetyenziswa njengento engumatshini wokusebenza kwiimviwo ezibalulekileyo, kwaye iipropathi zayo zenza zasetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumasimi amaninzi.
I-3. Iimpawu zekhemikhali zebarium
Iipropathi zeMetity: I-Barium sisiseko esiqinileyo nge-silterry-imbonakalo emhlophe kunye nokuqhutywa kombane.
Ukuxinana kunye nokunyibilika: I-Barium yindawo enobunzima obune-dandority ye-3.51 g / cm3. I-Barium inendawo ephantsi yokunyibilika malunga ne-727 degrees Celsius (1341 degrees fahrenheit).
Ukuhlawulwa kwakhona: I-Barium iqala ngokukhawuleza ngezinto ezingezizo ezona zingezizo, ngakumbi ii-halogens (ezinje nge-chinorine kunye ne-brolorine kunye ne-bromine), zivelisa i-quands ezihambelana nebharimu. Umzekelo, i-Barium iphinda ihlawule nge-chlorine ukuba ivelise i-barium chloride.
I-oxidition: I-Barium inokuba i-oxidd ukuba ibumbe i-barium oxide. I-Barium Oxide isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kumashishini anje ngentsimbi yensimbi kunye neglasi. Umsebenzi ophezulu: I-Barium inomsebenzi ophezulu wokukhetha ikhemikhali kwaye iphinda isebenze ngokulula ngamanzi ukukhupha i-hydrogen kwaye ivelise i-barium hydroxide.
I-4. Ipropathi yebhayoloji yebarium
Indima kunye neepropathi zebhayoloji zeibangaKwizinto eziphilayo aziqondakali ngokupheleleyo, kodwa yaziwa ukuba i-Barium inetyhefu ethile kwizinto eziphilayo.
Indlela yokungena: Abantu ikakhulu bafaka i-Barium ngokutya nasemanzini okusela. Ezinye ukutya zinokuqulatha izixa ze-barium, ezinjengeenkolelo, inyama kunye neemveliso zobisi. Ukongeza, amanzi aphantsi komhlaba anoxanduva oluphezulu lwebarium.
Ukufudukela kwebhayoloji kunye neMetabolism: Ibarium inokufakwa kwizinto eziphilayo kwaye isasazwe emzimbeni ngokujikeleza kwegazi. I-Barium ikakhulu iqokelela kwizintso namathambo, ngakumbi kwiingcinezelo eziphezulu emathanjeni.
Umsebenzi webhayiloji: I-Barium ayifumaneki ukuba nayo nayiphi na imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yomzimba kwizinto eziphilayo. Ke ngoko, ukusebenza kwebhayiloji ye-barium ihlala iyimpikiswano.
5. Iipropathi zebhayoloji zebharium
Ityhefu: Ukugxininisa kakhulu kweebharium zerium okanye iirium zebarrium zinetyhefu emzimbeni womntu. Ukutya okugqithisileyo kunokubangela iimpawu zetyhefu zetyhefu, kubandakanya ukugabha, urhudo, ubuthathaka betyhefu, njl.
Ukuqokelelwa kwethambo: Ibarium inokuqokelela emathanjeni umzimba, ngakumbi kubantu abadala. Ukuvezwa kwexesha elide ukuya kugxininiso oluphezulu lwebarium kunokubangela izifo zethambo ezinjengee-osteoporosis.
I-Cardiovascular Ifreyimu: I-Barium, njengesodium, inokuphazamisa ibhalansi ye-ion kunye nomsebenzi wombane, echaphazela ukusebenza kwentliziyo. Ukutya okugqithisileyo kwe-Barium kunokubangela isingqisho sentliziyo engaqhelekanga kwaye unyuse umngcipheko wokubetha kwentliziyo.
I-carcinogenicicty: Nangona kusekho impikiswano malunga ne-carcinogenicity ye-Barium, ezinye izifundo zibonise ukuba ukuvezwa kwexesha elide kugxininiso lwe-bariumn kunokunyusa umngcipheko womhlaza othile weSussium kunye nomhlaza weSophage. Ngenxa yetyhefu kunye nengozi enokuba yi-barium, abantu kufuneka balumkele ukuphepha ukuthambisa kakhulu okanye ukuvezwa kwexesha elide ukuya kwi-Barium. Ukugxila ngesinxibo kumanzi okusela kunye nokutya kufuneka kubekwa esweni kwaye kulawulwa ukukhusela impilo yabantu. Ukuba ukrokrela ityhefu okanye unempawu ezinxulumene noko, nceda ufunde unyango kwangoko.
I-6. I-Barium kwindalo
Iiminerals zebari Ezinye izimbiwa eziqhelekileyo eziqhelekileyo zibandakanya i-bar kunye ne-witherite. Ezi ores zihlala zenzeka kwezinye iiminerali, ezifana nezimbiwa, i-zinc, nesilivere.
Inyibilikisiwe kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba kunye namatye: Ibarium inokubakho kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba kunye namatye kwindawo enyikimayo. Amanzi aphantsi komhlaba aqukethe umkhondo wezibalo ze-barium echithiweyo, kwaye uxinzelelo lwayo luxhomekeke kwiimeko zejografi kunye neempawu zekhemikhali zomzimba wamanzi. I-Barium Salts: I-Barium inokwenza ii-salts ezahlukeneyo, ezinje nge-barium chloride, i-barium nitrate kunye nebarbonate. Ezi zikhombisi zinokubakho kwindalo njengezimbiwa zendalo.
Umxholo emhlabeni:IbangaIngabakho emhlabeni ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ezinye zivela kwitsimo zamasuntswana okanye amatye. Umxholo we-Barium emhlabeni uhlala uphantsi, kodwa kusenokubakho ukugxininisa kakhulu kwenkulum kwiindawo ezithile ezithile.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ifom kunye nomxholo weqonga ingahluka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zejografi kunye nemimandla, ke iimeko zendawo kunye nejografi kufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa zixoxa nge-barium.
7. Ukumbiwa kwe-Barium kunye nemveliso
Inkqubo yemigodi kunye nokulungiselela ibanga idla kubandakanya la manyathelo alandelayo:
I-1. Imigodi ye-Barium Ore: Eyona mineral ye-Barium Ore yi-Barium, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-barium yesalfate. Ihlala ifumaneka kwi-rust yomhlaba kwaye isasazwa ngokubanzi ematyeni kunye neeminerali zeminerali emhlabeni. Imigodi edla ngokubandakanya iinkqubo ezinje ngempala, imigodi, ityumza kunye nokuhlela i-ore ukufumana i-ores ye-oresfate equkethe i-oresfate yentsimbi.
2. Ukulungiselela ukugxininisa: Ukukhuphela ibanga ukusuka kwi-Barium Ore kufuna ukugxila kunyango lwe-ore. Ukulungiselela ukugxininisa kudla ngokuquka ukhetho lwesandla kunye namanyathelo okucofa ukususa ukungcola kwaye afumane i-ore equlethe ngaphezulu kwe-96% ye-barium ye-bali.
3. Ukulungiswa kwe-Barium ye-Balium ye-Balium: i-gxininise i-gesing efana nentsimbi kunye nokususwa kwesilika ukuya kufuna i-barium sulfate (BOO4).
I-4. Ukulungiselela i-Barium Sulfide: Ukwenzela ukulungiselela i-Barium kwi-Barium kwi-Barium yeSfalfate, i-Balium Sulfate kufuneka iguqulwe ibe yi-barium sulfide, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-ash emnyama. I-Barium Sulfate Ore Powder ene-paund engaphantsi kwe-20 Mesh ixutywe ne-Coal okanye i-petroleum cooke powder kumyinge we-4: 1. Umxube uqengqeleka kwi-1100 ○ Iziko le-reverberatory, kwaye i-barium ye-balium ye-Barium incitshisiwe kwi-Barium sulfide.
I-5. Ukuchitheka kwe-rium sulfide: Isisombululo se-Barium Sulfiide yesiqhelo se-Barium Sulfate sinokufumaneka ngokutsiba amanzi ashushu.
I-6. Ukulungiselela i-Barium Oxide: Ukwenzela ukuguqula i-barium sulfide kwi-barium oxide, i-sodium carbonate okanye i-carbon diokside ihlala yongezwa kwisisombululo se-Barium Sulfiide. Emva kokuxuba i-Barium Carbonate kunye ne-carbon powder, i-cantivered engaphezulu kwe-800
I-7. Ukupholisa kunye nokulungisa: Kuya kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba i-Barium Oxide i-oxid i-oxid i-500-700 ℃, kwaye i-Barium Peroxide inokungabikho kwe-700-800 ℃. Ukwenzela ukunqanda ukuveliswa kwe-Barium Peroxide, imveliso ebhaliweyo kufuneka ipholelwe okanye icinywe phantsi kokhuseleko lwerhasi ye-intert.
Oku kungasentla yinkqubo yokumbiwa kwemigodi ngokubanzi kunye nenkqubo yokulungiselela yeBharimu. Ezi nkqubo zinokwahluka ngokuxhomekeka kwinkqubo yeshishini kunye nezixhobo, kodwa imigaqo iyonke ihlala injalo. I-Barium sisinyithi esibalulekileyo sezamashishini ezisetyenziswa kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya ishishini lekhemikhali, amayeza, elektroniki kunye namanye amasimi.
I-8. Iindlela zokufunyanwa eziqhelekileyo zezinto zangaphantsi
Ibangayinto eqhelekileyo esetyenziswayo kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo zemizi-mveliso nakwisayensi. Kwi-chemistry yohlalutyo, iindlela zokufumana i-Barium zihlala zibandakanya uhlalutyo olufanelekileyo kunye nohlalutyo lobungakanani. Oku kulandelayo yintshayelelo eneenkcukacha kwiindlela ezisetyenzisiweyo ezisetyenzisiweyo zezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo
I-1. I-Flato ye-Atomic Atomic Durktrometry (i-FAAS): Le yindlela yokuhlaziya esetyenziswe ngobungakanani obusetyenziswayo ilungele iisampulu ezinamaphepha aphezulu. Isisombululo sesampulu sitshizwe kwidangatye, kwaye iAtom Athom ifunxa ukukhanya kwesabelo esithile. Ubunzulu bokukhanya okubekiweyo kulinganiswa kwaye kulinganayo kuxinzelelo lwebarium.
I-2. I-Flato ye-Atomic Ukukhupha i-Spectrametry (i-fais): Le ndlela ifumana i-Barium ngokutshiza isisombululo semozulu, enomdla kwi-atom ye-barium ikhupha ukukhanya kwesaphulelo esithile. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-FAAS, i-faes isetyenziselwa ukufumana ukugxininisa okuphantsi kwebarium.
I-3. I-Atomic Fluorescet Spectrometry (AAS): Le ndlela ifana ne-FAAS, kodwa isebenzisa i-fluorescenter ye-fas, kodwa isebenzisa i-fluorescenter spectrometer ukukhangela ubukho bebarium. Ingasetyenziselwa ukulinganisa izixa ze-rium.
I-4. IIEN CHROMAPOGY: Le ndlela ilungele uhlalutyo lwe-barium kwiisampulu zamanzi. I-ion yerium yahlulwe kwaye ifunyenwe yi-ion chromatography. Ingasetyenziselwa ukulinganisa uxinzelelo lwebharium kwiisampulu zamanzi.
I-5. I-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (xrf): Le yeyona ndlela intshabalalo ebaluleke kakhulu ekufumaneni ibarrium kwiisampulu eziqinileyo. Emva kokuba isampulu inemincili yi-X-rays, ii-atom zerium ikhupha i-fluorescence, kwaye umxholo we-Barium uzigqitha ngokulinganisa ubunzulu babantu.
I-6. I-Serctrometry ye-Spectrometry: I-Serctrametry inokusetyenziswa ukumisela ubume be-isophec ye-Barium kwaye bamisela umxholo webarium. Le ndlela ihlala isetyenziselwa uhlalutyo oluphezulu lobuntununga kwaye linokufumana ugxininiso olusezantsi kakhulu lwebarium. Ngasentla zezinye iindlela ezisetyenzisiweyo zokufumana i-Barium. Indlela ethile yokukhetha ixhomekeke kuhlobo lwesampulu, uluhlu lwe-barium, kunye nenjongo yohlalutyo. Ukuba ufuna ulwazi oluthe kratya okanye uneminye imibuzo, nceda ukhululeke ukuba undazise. Ezi ndlela zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwilabhoratri kunye nezicelo zemizi mveliso ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo nangokuthembekileyo kwaye zibone ubukho kunye nokugxininiswa kwenkulumbuso. Indlela ethile yokusebenzisa ixhomekeke kuhlobo lwesimpulu ekufuneka lilinganiswe, uluhlu lomxholo webharium, kunye nenjongo ethile yohlalutyo.
IXESHA LOKUQALA: I-DEC-09-2024