Kutshanje, i-Apple ibhengeze ukuba iya kuphinda isetyenziswe ngakumbi izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyokwiimveliso zayo kwaye ibeke ishedyuli ethile: ngo-2025, inkampani iya kufezekisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-cobalt eyi-100% ehlaziyiweyo kuzo zonke iibhetri eziyilwe yi-Apple; Iimagnethi kwisixhobo semveliso nazo ziya kwenziwa ngokupheleleyo ngezinto eziphinda zisetyenziswe ezinqabileyo zomhlaba.
Njengemathiriyeli enqabileyo yomhlaba esetyenziswa kakhulu kwiimveliso ze-Apple, i-NdFeB inemveliso yamandla kamagnetic ephezulu (oko kukuthi, umthamo omncinci unokugcina amandla amakhulu), onokuhlangabezana nokusukela ukwenza izinto ezincinci kunye nobunzima be-elektroniki yabathengi. Usetyenziso olukwiifowuni eziphathwayo lubonakaliswa ikakhulu kumacandelo amabini: iimotor zokungcangcazela kweefowuni eziphathwayo kunye nezinto ezincinci ze-electro acoustic. I-smartphone nganye ifuna malunga ne-2.5g ye-neodymium iron boron material.
Abangaphakathi kwishishini bathi i-25% ukuya kwi-30% yenkunkuma emphethweni eyenziwe kwinkqubo yokuvelisa i-neodymium iron boron magnetic materials, kunye nenkunkuma yemagnethi enjengee-electronics zabathengi kunye neenjini, ziyimithombo ebalulekileyo yokuphinda kusetyenziswe umhlaba. Xa kuthelekiswa nokuveliswa kweemveliso ezifanayo ezivela kwintsimbi ekrwada ekrwada, ukurisayikilishwa nokusetyenziswa kwenkunkuma enqabileyo yomhlaba kuneengenelo ezininzi, ezifana neenkqubo ezifinyeziweyo, iindleko ezincitshisiweyo, ukunciphisa ukungcoliseka kwendalo, kunye nokukhuselwa okusebenzayo kobutyebi bomhlaba obunqabileyo. Kwaye yonke itoni yepraseodymium neodymium oxide efunyenweyo ilingana nokwemba i-10000 yeetoni ze-ion yomhlaba enqabileyo okanye iitoni ezi-5 zomhlaba onqabileyo orekrwada ngaphantsi.
Ukurisayikilisha nokusetyenziswa kwakhona kweemathiriyeli zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kuba yinkxaso ebalulekileyo yemathiriyeli ekrwada yomhlaba. Ngenxa yokuba izibonelelo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo luhlobo oluthile lobutyebi, ukuhlaziywa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba yindlela esebenzayo yokugcina izixhobo kunye nokuthintela ungcoliseko. Yimfuno engxamisekileyo kunye nokhetho olungenakuphepheka kuphuhliso loluntu. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-China iye yaqhubeka iqinisa ulawulo lwekhonkco loshishino lonke kwishishini lomhlaba onqabileyo, ngelixa ikhuthaza amashishini anqabileyo omhlaba ukuba ahlaziye izibonelelo zesibini eziqulethe izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba.
NgoJuni 2012, i-Ofisi yeNgcaciso yeBhunga likaRhulumente yakhupha "iPhepha leNgcaciso yeSimo kunye neMigaqo-nkqubo ye-Rare Earths e-China", echaza ngokucacileyo ukuba urhulumente ukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kweenkqubo ezikhethekileyo, iteknoloji, kunye nezixhobo zokuqokelela, unyango, ukwahlukana, kunye nokuhlanjululwa kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. Uphando lugxile ekusetyenzisweni kweetyuwa ezinyibilikisiweyo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zepyrometallurgical, i-slag, umhlaba onqabileyo onqabileyo wenkunkuma yemagnethi, kunye nenkunkuma yeenjini zemagnethi esisigxina, inkunkuma ye-nickel hydrogen iibhetri, inkunkuma enqabileyo yezibane zomhlaba ezikhanyayo, kunye nezixhobo ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo.
Ngophuhliso olomeleleyo lweshishini lomhlaba elinqabileyo laseTshayina, inani elikhulu lezinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kunye nenkunkuma yokucubungula inexabiso elikhulu lokurisayikilishwa. Kwelinye icala, amasebe achaphazelekayo aqhuba uphando ngenkuthalo kwiimarike zasekhaya nezangaphandle zezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, ahlalutya imarike yezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ukusuka kubonelelo lobutyebi bomhlaba obunqabileyo e-China kunye nokurisayikilisha nokusetyenziswa kobutyebi besibini bomhlaba obunqabileyo ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, kwaye benze amanyathelo ahambelanayo. Kwelinye icala, amashishini omhlaba anqabileyo aqinise uphando lwawo lobuchwepheshe kunye nophuhliso, afumana ulwazi olunzulu lweentlobo ngeentlobo zetekhnoloji ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zesibini zokuphinda zisetyenziswe, zihlolwe kwaye zikhuthaze ubuchwephesha obufanelekileyo bokhuseleko lwezoqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo, kwaye ziphuhlise iimveliso eziphezulu zokuphinda zisetyenziswe kunye nokusebenzisa umhlaba onqabileyo.
Ngo-2022, umyinge wokuphinda usetyenzisweipraseodymium neodymiumimveliso e-China ifikelele kwi-42% yomthombo we-praseodymium neodymium metal. Ngokwezibalo ezifanelekileyo, ukuveliswa kwenkunkuma ye-iron boron ye-neodymium e-China yafikelela kwiitoni ezingama-53000 kunyaka ophelileyo, ukunyuka konyaka-ngonyaka malunga ne-10%. Xa kuthelekiswa nokuveliswa kweemveliso ezifanayo ezivela kwintsimbi ekrwada ekrwada, ukurisayikilishwa nokusetyenziswa kwenkunkuma enqabileyo yomhlaba kuneengenelo ezininzi: iinkqubo ezifinyeziweyo, iindleko ezincitshisiweyo, ukunciphisa “inkunkuma emithathu”, ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kobutyebi, ukunciphisa ukungcoliseka kwendalo, kunye nokukhuselwa okusebenzayo kobutyebi bomhlaba obunqabileyo belizwe.
Ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yolawulo lwesizwe kwimveliso yomhlaba onqabileyo kunye nokwanda kwemfuno esezantsi yomhlaba onqabileyo, imakethi iyakuvelisa imfuno engaphezulu yokuphinda kusetyenziswe umhlaba onqabileyo. Nangona kunjalo, okwangoku, kusekho amashishini amancinci emveliso e-China aphinda asebenzise kwaye aphinde asebenzise izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, izinto ezisetyenziselwa ukusetyenzwa okukodwa, iimveliso ezisezantsi, kunye nenkxaso yomgaqo-nkqubo enokuthi iphuculwe ngakumbi. Okwangoku, kungxamisekile ukuba ilizwe liqhube ngamandla ukurisayikilishwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kobutyebi bomhlaba obunqabileyo phantsi kwesikhokelo sokhuseleko lobutyebi bomhlaba obunqabileyo kunye nenjongo "yekhabhoni ezimbini", ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo nangokulungeleleneyo kobutyebi bomhlaba obunqabileyo, kunye nokudlala indima eyodwa kuphuhliso olukumgangatho ophezulu woqoqosho lwaseTshayina.
Ixesha lokuposa: May-06-2023