Europium, isimboli yi-Eu, kunye nenombolo ye-Atomic yi-63. Njengelungu eliqhelekileyo le-Lanthanide, i-europium idla ngokuba ne-+3 valence, kodwa i-oxygen+2 valence nayo ixhaphakile. Kukho iikhompawundi ezimbalwa ze-europium ezinemeko ye-valence ye+2. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iintsimbi ezinzima, i-europium ayinayo impembelelo ebalulekileyo yebhayoloji kwaye ayinayo ityhefu. Uninzi lwezicelo ze-europium zisebenzisa i-phosphorescence effect ye-Europium compounds. I-Europium yenye yezona zinto zincinci kakhulu kwindalo yonke; Kukho malunga ne-5 kuphela kwindalo yonke × i-10-8% yento e-europium.
I-Europium ikhona kwi-monazite
Ukufunyanwa kwe-Europium
Ibali liqala ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19: ngelo xesha, izazinzulu ezibalaseleyo baqalisa ngokucwangcisiweyo izithuba eziseleyo kwitafile Mendeleev kaThixo ngokuhlalutya spectrum emission Atomic. Kwimbono yanamhlanje, lo msebenzi awunzima, kwaye umfundi ophumelele isidanga unokuwugqiba; Kodwa ngelo xesha, izazinzulu zazinezixhobo ezichanekileyo eziphantsi kunye neesampuli ekwakunzima ukuzicoca. Ngoko ke, kuyo yonke imbali yokufunyanwa kweLanthanide, bonke abafumani "i-quasi" baqhubeka besenza amabango obuxoki kwaye baphikisana.
Ngo-1885, uMhlekazi uWilliam Crookes wafumanisa isibonakaliso sokuqala kodwa esingacacanga kakhulu se-element 63: wabona umgca othile obomvu we-spectral (609 nm) kwisampulu ye-samarium. Phakathi kwe-1892 kunye ne-1893, umfumani we-gallium, i-samarium, kunye ne-dysprosium, u-Paul é mile LeCoq de Boisbaudran, waqinisekisa eli qela waza wafumanisa elinye iqela eliluhlaza (535 nm).
Okulandelayo, ngo-1896, u-Eug è ne Anatole Demar ç ay ngomonde wahlulahlula i-samarium oxide kwaye waqinisekisa ukufunyanwa kwento entsha enqabileyo yomhlaba ephakathi kwe-samarium kunye ne-gadolinium. Wahlula ngempumelelo le nto kwi-1901, ephawula ukuphela kohambo lokufumanisa: "Ndiyathemba ukubiza le nto intsha i-Europium, kunye nesimboli i-Eu kunye nobunzima be-Atomic malunga ne-151."
Ubume be-electron
Ubume be-electron:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p66s2 4f7
Nangona i-europium ihlala i-trivalent, ithambekele ekwenzeni i-divalent compounds. Le nto yahlukile kukwenziwa kwe+3 iikhompawundi zevalence ngobuninzi beLanthanide. I-europium ye-divalent ine-electronic configuration ye-4f7, njengoko i-semi ezaliswe igobolondo inika uzinzo ngakumbi, kwaye i-europium (II) kunye ne-barium (II) ziyafana. I-europium ye-divalent yi-ejenti yokunciphisa epholileyo eyenza i-oxidize emoyeni ukuze yenze i-compound ye-europium (III). Ngaphantsi kweemeko ze-anaerobic, ngakumbi iimeko zokufudumeza, i-divalent europium izinzile ngokwaneleyo kwaye ithande ukufakwa kwi-calcium kunye nezinye iiminerali zomhlaba ze-alkaline. Le nkqubo yokutshintshiselana nge-ion isiseko se-"negative europium anomaly", oko kukuthi, xa kuthelekiswa nobuninzi be-Chondrite, amaninzi amaminerali e-lanthanide afana ne-monazite anomxholo ophantsi we-europium. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-monazite, i-bastnaesite ihlala ibonisa ii-europium anomalies ezimbalwa, ngoko ke i-bastnaesite ikwangumthombo oyintloko we-europium.
I-Europium yintsimbi engwevu yentsimbi enendawo yokunyibilika eyi-822 ° C, iqondo lokubila elingu-1597 ° C, kunye noxinzelelo lwe-5.2434 g/cm ³; Yeyona nto ixineneyo, ithambileyo, kunye neyona nto iguquguqukayo phakathi kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. I-Europium iyona ntsimbi esebenzayo phakathi kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba: kwiqondo lokushisa, ngokukhawuleza ilahlekelwa yintsimbi yayo yensimbi emoyeni kwaye ikhutshwe ngokukhawuleza ibe ngumgubo; Ukuphendula ngobundlobongela kumanzi abandayo ukuvelisa igesi yehydrogen; I-Europium inokusabela nge-boron, i-carbon, isulfure, i-phosphorus, i-hydrogen, i-nitrogen, njl.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Europium
I-Europium sulfate ikhupha i-fluorescence ebomvu phantsi kokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet
UGeorges Urbain, i-chemist eselula ebalaseleyo, izuze i-Spectroscopy isixhobo se-Demar ç ay kwaye yafumanisa ukuba isampuli ye-Yttrium (III) ye-oxide ye-doped nge-europium yakhupha ukukhanya okubomvu kakhulu kwi-1906. Esi sisiqalo sohambo olude lwezixhobo ze-europium phosphorescent - ayisetyenziswanga kuphela ukukhupha ukukhanya okubomvu, kodwa kunye nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kuba i-spectrum yokukhutshwa kwe-Eu2 + iwela ngaphakathi kolu luhlu.
Iphosphor eyenziwe nge-Eu3 + ebomvu, i-Tb3 + eluhlaza, kunye ne-Eu2 + emitter eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okanye indibaniselwano yazo, inokuguqula ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kukukhanya okubonakalayo. Ezi zixhobo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo kwihlabathi jikelele: i-X-ray intensifying screens, iityhubhu ze-cathode ray okanye izikrini zeplasma, kunye nezibane ze-fluorescent zamva nje kunye nee-diode ezikhupha ukukhanya.
Impembelelo ye-fluorescence ye-trivalent europium inokuphinda ivakaliswe ngamamolekyuli amnandi, kwaye ezo zakhiwo zinokusetyenziswa kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo ezifuna uvakalelo oluphezulu, njenge-inki ezichasene ne-counterfeiting kunye neebarcodes.
Ukusukela ngeminyaka yee-1980s, i-europium ibidlala indima ephambili kuhlalutyo olubukhali kakhulu lwe-biopharmaceutical isebenzisa indlela ye-fluorescence esonjululwe lixesha. Kwizibhedlele ezininzi nakwiilabhoratri zonyango, uhlalutyo olunjalo luye lwaba yinto eqhelekileyo. Kuphando lwenzululwazi yobomi, kubandakanywa i-biological imaging, i-fluorescent biological probes ezenziwe nge-europium kunye nezinye iLanthanide zikho yonke indawo. Ngethamsanqa, ikhilogram enye ye-europium yanele ukuxhasa uhlalutyo olumalunga nebhiliyoni enye - emva kokuba urhulumente waseTshayina esanda kuthintela ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle komhlaba okunqabileyo, amazwe athuthukileyo othuswa kukunqongophala kwezinto ezinqabileyo zokugcina umhlaba akufuneki akhathazeke malunga nezoyikiso ezifanayo kwezo zicelo.
I-Europium oxide isetyenziswa njenge-Stimulated emission phosphor kwinkqubo entsha yokuxilongwa kwezonyango ye-X-ray. I-Europium oxide ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza iilensi ezinemibala kunye nezihluzi ze-optoelectronic, kwizixhobo zokugcina i-bubble bubble, kunye nezixhobo zokulawula, izinto zokukhusela, kunye nezakhiwo ze-athom reactors. Ngenxa yokuba iiathom zayo zinokufunxa i-neutron ngaphezulu kwayo nayiphi na enye into, idla ngokusetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokufunxa i-neutron kwiireactors zeathom.
Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje elikhula ngokukhawuleza, ukusetyenziswa okusanda kufunyanwa kwe-europium kunokuba neempembelelo ezinzulu kwezolimo. Iingcali zenzululwazi ziye zafumanisa ukuba iiplastiki ezifakwe kwi-europium ye-divalent kunye ne-univalent yethusi inokuguqula ngokufanelekileyo inxalenye ye-ultraviolet yokukhanya kwelanga ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo. Le nkqubo iluhlaza kakhulu (yimibala ehambelanayo ebomvu). Ukusebenzisa olu hlobo lweplastiki ukwakha indlu eluhlaza kungenza ukuba izityalo zikwazi ukufunxa ukukhanya okubonakalayo ngakumbi kwaye zandise izivuno zezityalo malunga ne-10%.
I-Europium inokusetyenziswa kwi-quantum memory chips, enokugcina ulwazi oluthembekileyo iintsuku ezininzi ngexesha. Oku kunokwenza idatha ebuthathaka ye-quantum igcinwe kwisixhobo esifana nediski enzima kwaye ithunyelwe kwilizwe lonke.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-27-2023