I-Europium, isimboli ye-EU, kwaye inombolo yeatomic yi-63. Njengelungu eliqhelekileyo leLanthanide, i-Europium idla ngokuba yi-3 valence, kodwa i-vancy iqhelekileyo. Kukho iikhawuntari ezimbalwa ze-europium ngemeko ye-valence ye + 2. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izinyithi ezinzima, i-europium ayinaziphumo zebhayiloji kwaye ayinabungozi. Uninzi lwezicelo ze-Europium zisebenzisa isiphumo se-phosphoresnce ye-phosphorest ye-phosphorence ye-europim copunds. I-Europium yenye yezona zinto zincinci kwindalo iphela; Kukho malunga ne-5 kuphela kwindalo iphela × 10-8% yento yi-Europium.
I-Europium ikhona kwiMonazite
Ukufunyanwa kwe-europium
Ibali liqala ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19: Ngelo xesha, izazinzulu ezigqwesileyo zaqala ukuzalisa izithuba zomsebenzi kwitheyibhile ye-Mendeleev ngokuhlalutya i-atomic yokuphuma. Kwimbono yanamhlanje, lo msebenzi awunzima, kwaye umfundi onesingqala unokuyigqiba; Kodwa ngelo xesha, izazinzulu kuphela zazinezixhobo eziphantsi ngokuchanekileyo nakwizimpula ekunzima ukuzicoca. Ke ngoko, kuyo yonke imbali yokufunyanwa kukaLanthande, bonke "abantu abathandanayo baqhubeka besenza amabango obuxoki kwaye baxabane.
Ngo-1885, uSir William Crookes wafumana owokuqala kodwa hayi bonakalise isibonakaliso sezinto ezingama-63: Wabona umgca othile obomvu obomvu (609 NM) kwisampulu yaseSamarium. Phakathi kwe-1892 ne-1893, i-Gallium, iSamarium, nedysprosium, uPaul É Mile Lecoq de Bisbaudran, wafumanisa ukuba le band bafumanisa elinye iqela eliluhlaza (535 NM).
Emva koko, ngo-1896, i-Eug hlatole Dander Çar Çar oxide of goarium ye-asso oxide kwaye iqinisekisile ukufunyanwa komhlaba okwindawo ebomvu enqabileyo emalunga neSarium neGadilinium. Uhlule ngempumelelo le nto ngo-1901, ephawula ukuphela kohambo lokufunyanwa: "Ndiyathemba ukuba le ntetho intsha ye-europium, kunye nesimboli se-Atomic malunga ne-151."
Isimo se-elektronte
Isimo se-elektronte:
I-1s2 2s2 2P6 I-3S2 3P6 4P6 4s2 3D10 4P6 5s2 4P66s2 4F6
Nangona i-europium ihlala ihamba, iqhele ukwenza imiqathanga edlule. Le phenonon yahlukile kwi-3 yee-3 valences comples ngoyena muninzi iLanthide. I-europiyas edivayon ine-Europisistition ye-4F7, njengoko i-semi igcwalisa i-F Hhemeli ibonelela ngozinzo ngakumbi, kwaye i-Europium (II) kunye nebarium (II) iyafana. I-europiyas edivayocy yi-arhente yokunciphisa i-odumed emoyeni ukwenza i-combaund ye-europium (III). Phantsi kweemeko ze-aneerobic, ngakumbi iimeko zokufudumeza, i-europiyas edivayo i-europiyal izinzile kwaye ithanda ukuba ifakwe kwi-calcium kunye nezinye iiminerali ze-alkaline. Le nkqubo yokutshintshiselana ye-Ion sisiseko se-Europium "engalunganga", leyo ithe xa ithelekiswa nobuninzi be-chondrite, uninzi lweminerali efana neMonazite inemixholo ye-europile ephantsi. Xa kuthelekiswa neMonazi, i-BhstNesite ihlala ibonisa i-europpium engalunganga ye-europpium, ke i-blostite ikwangowona mthombo we-europium.
I-Europium yintsimbi yentsimbi engwevu ngentsimbi yama-822 ° C, indawo yokubila i-1597 ° C, kwaye ixineneyo ye-5.2434 g / cm ³; eyona nto incinci, kwaye uninzi lwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. I-Europium yeyona nto isebenzayo yentsimbi phakathi kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba: Kubushushu begumbi, iphulukana nentsimbi yayo emoyeni kwaye ngokukhawuleza inyanzelekile ukuba icinezelwe ngumgubo; Gold yakho ngogonyamelo ngamanzi abandayo ukuvelisa igesi ye-hydrogen; I-Europium inokusabela ngeBoron, ikharbon, i-Sulfur, phosphorus, i-phosphoges, i-hydrogen, nitrogen, njl.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-europium
I-Europium ye-europium ikhupha i-fluorescence phantsi kokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet
I-Georges uRoyain, umchiza oselula obalaseleyo, wafumana iflocroscopy yesixhobo se-Demar
Iphosphori eyenziwe nge-EU3 +, iGORT3 +, kunye neBlue EU2 + Emitters, okanye indibaniselwano yabo, inokuguqula ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet. Ezi zixhobo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi: I-X-ray ray tubes okanye izikrini zeplasma, kunye nezixhobo ze-fluorescent ze-fluorescent kunye ne-sweoresced ye-fluorescent ye-fluorescent kunye ne-Dluorescent ye-Fluorescent.
Isiphumo se-fluorescence yeziphumo ze-europium eninzi zinokuzivangelwa ziimolethi zezinto eziphilayo, kwaye ezo zinto zinokusetyenziswa kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo ezifuna ubuntununtunu, njengama-inki echazayo kunye nebhakhowudi.
Ukusukela ngo-1980s, i-Europium ibidlala indima ekhokelayo kwi-biopharmacermacerecical yohlalutyo lwendlela ebandayo. Uninzi lwezibhedlele kunye neelebhu zonyango, uhlalutyo olunjalo luye lwanda. Kuphando lweSayensi yoBomi, kubandakanya ingcinga yebhayoloji, i-Fluoresceccection ye-biological filogical eyenziwe nge-europium kunye nelinye i-lanthahanide yi-biquitous. Ngethamsanqa, ikhilogramu enye ye-europium yanele ukuxhasa malunga ne-gesions enye yeebhiliyoni - emva kokuba urhulumente wase-Chinese avele ukuthunyelwa komhlaba onqabileyo, amazwe ahlaziyiweyo anqabileyo, akufuneki akhathazeke malunga nezisongelo ezinqabileyo.
I-Europim Oxide isetyenziswa njenge phosser ekhutshiweyo kwi-phosser ekhuselweyo kwi-X-ray yenkqubo ye-X-ray yezonyango. I-Europim Oxide inokusetyenziselwa ukwenza iilensi ezinomtsalane kunye neefilimu ze-Optoect, ze-gothic buble, kunye nezinto zolawulo, izixhobo zokukhusela, kunye nezinto zokwakhiwa kweatomic. Kungenxa yokuba iiatom zayo zinokufumana i-neutrons ezingaphezulu kunenye into, ihlala isetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokufumana i-neutrons kwi-Atomic Reactors.
Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje elandayo ngokukhawuleza, isicelo esifunyanisiweyo se-Europpium sinokuba neempembelelo ezinzulu kwezolimo. Izazinzulu zifumanise ukuba iiplasitiki zenziwe nge-europium ye-europium kunye ne-picper engasebenziyo inokuguqula ngokufanelekileyo icandelo le-ultraviolet yokukhanya kwelanga. Le nkqubo iluhlaza kakhulu (yimibala edibeneyo yobomvu). Sebenzisa olu hlobo lweplastiki yokwakha i-Greenhouse kunokwenza ukuba izityalo zikwazi ukufumana ukukhanya okubonakalayo kunye nokunyusa isityalo sine-10%.
I-Europium inokusetyenziswa kwii-chips zememori, ezinokuthi zigcine ulwazi ngeentsuku ezininzi ngexesha. Ezi zingenza idatha ye-ACTAM ebuthathaka ukuba igcinwe kwisixhobo esifanayo nediski esinzima kwaye ithunyelwe kwilizwe lonke.
IXESHA LOKUGQIBELA: Jun-27 ukuya ku-4023