Ukulungiswa kweZinyithi zoMhlaba eziRare

Ukulungiswa kweZinyithi zoMhlaba eziRare

Imveliso yesinyithi yomhlaba enqabileyo ikwabizwa ngokuba yimveliso ye-pyrometallurgical enqabileyo yomhlaba.Iintsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyozahlulahlulwe ngokubanzi ngokweentsimbi zomhlaba ezixubeneyo ezinqabileyo kunye nesinyithi esinye esinqabileyo somhlaba. Ukubunjwa kweentsimbi ezixutyiweyo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kufana nokwakhiwa komhlaba onqabileyo wokuqala kwi-ore, kwaye isinyithi esisodwa sisinyithi esahluliwe kwaye sicocwe kumhlaba ngamnye onqabileyo. Kunzima ukunciphisa i-oxides yomhlaba enqabileyo (ngaphandle kwe-oxides ye-samarium, i-europium, i-ytterbium, kunye ne-thulium) kwintsimbi enye usebenzisa iindlela ze-metallurgical jikelele, ngenxa yokushisa kwazo okuphezulu kunye nokuzinza okuphezulu. Ke ngoko, izinto ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo zokwenziwa kweentsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ziikloridi zazo kunye neefluorides.

(1) Indlela ye-electrolysis yetyuwa etyhidiweyo

Ukuveliswa kweentsimbi ezinqabileyo ezixutyiweyo kushishino ngokuqhelekileyo kusebenzisa indlela ye-electrolysis yetyuwa etyhidiweyo. Le ndlela ibandakanya ukufudumeza kunye nokunyibilika iikhompawundi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezifana neekloridi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, kwaye emva koko i-electrolysis ukukhupha iintsimbi ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kwi-cathode. Kukho iindlela ezimbini zokusebenzisa i-electrolysis: i-chloride electrolysis kunye ne-oxide electrolysis. Indlela yokulungiselela isinyithi esisodwa somhlaba esinqabileyo siyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwinto. I-Samarium, i-europium, i-ytterbium, kunye ne-thulium ayifanelekanga ukulungiswa kwe-electrolytic ngenxa yoxinzelelo oluphezulu lomphunga, kwaye endaweni yoko zilungiselelwe ngokusebenzisa indlela yokunciphisa i-distillation. Ezinye izinto zinokulungiswa nge-electrolysis okanye indlela yokunciphisa i-thermal yensimbi.

I-Chloride electrolysis yeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokuvelisa isinyithi, ngakumbi kwimixube enqabileyo yomhlaba. Inkqubo ilula, iyabiza, kwaye ifuna utyalo-mali oluncinci. Nangona kunjalo, eyona nto inkulu kukukhutshwa kwegesi yeklorini, engcolisa indalo.

I-oxide electrolysis ayikhuphi iigesi eziyingozi, kodwa ixabiso liphezulu kancinci. Ngokubanzi, umhlaba onqabileyo onexabiso eliphezulu onjengeneodymium kunye nepraseodymium uveliswa kusetyenziswa i-oxide electrolysis.

(2) Indlela yokunciphisa i-thermal vacuum

Indlela ye-electrolysis inokulungiselela kuphela ibakala lemizi-mveliso elinqabileyo leentsimbi zomhlaba. Ukulungiselela isinyithi ngokungcola okuphantsi kunye nokucoceka okuphezulu, indlela yokunciphisa i-vacuum yokunciphisa i-thermal isetyenziswa ngokubanzi. Ngokubanzi, iioksidi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zenziwa kuqala zibe yifluoride yomhlaba enqabileyo, ethi incitshiswe ngesinyithi esinekhalsiyam kwisithando somlilo esifunxayo ukufumana iintsimbi ezikrwada. Emva koko, ziyanyibilikiswa kwaye zifakwe emanzini ukuze kufumaneke iintsimbi ezicocekileyo. Le ndlela inokuvelisa zonke iintsimbi ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, kodwa i-samarium, europium, ytterbium, kunye ne-thulium ayinakusetyenziswa.

Amandla okunciphisa i-oxidation yesamarium, europium, ytterbium, thuliumkwaye i-calcium yanciphisa kuphela i-fluoride yomhlaba enqabileyo. Ngokubanzi, ezi zinyithi zilungiswa ngokusebenzisa umgaqo woxinzelelo lomphunga ophezulu wezi zinyithi kunye noxinzelelo lomphunga ophantsi wesinyithi se-lanthanum, ukuxuba kunye nokufaka i-oksidi yale mihlaba inqabileyo emine kunye nenkunkuma yesinyithi se-lanthanum, kwaye iyancipha kwisithando somlilo.. Lanthanumiyasebenza noko.I-Samarium, i-europium, i-ytterbium, kunye ne-thuliumziyancipha nge-lanthanum zibe yigolide kwaye ziqokelelwe kwi-condenser, ekulula ukuhlukana ne-slag.

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