1, Intshayelelo esisiseko
Igama lesiTshayina:Barium, igama lesiNgesi:Barium, uphawu lwesiqaleloBa, inombolo ye-athomu engu-56 kwitheyibhile yeperiodic, liqela le-IIA lealkaline yentsimbi yomhlaba enoxinano lwe-3.51 g/cubic centimeter, indawo yokunyibilika eyi-727 ° C (1000 K, 1341 ° F), kunye neqondo lokubila lika-1870 °. C (2143 K, 3398 ° F). I-Barium yintsimbi yomhlaba yealkaline ekhazimlayo emhlophe yesilivere, enombala wedangatye oluhlaza omthubi, othambileyo, kunye ne-ductile.Bariumineempawu zekhemikhali ezisebenzayo kakhulu kwaye inokusabela kuninzi olungelulo isinyithi.Bariumayizange ifunyanwe njengento enye kwindalo.Bariumiityuwa ziyityhefu ngaphandlebariumisulfate. Ukwengeza,barium metallicinokunciphisa okunamandla kwaye inokunciphisa uninzi lwee-oxide zetsimbi, i-halides, kunye ne-sulfide ukufumana isinyithi esihambelanayo. Umxholo webariumkwi-crust yi-0.05%, kwaye ezona minerali zixhaphakileyo kwindalo yi-barite (bariumi-sulfate) kwaye ibune (bariumcarbonate). I-Barium isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiinkalo ezifana ne-electronics, i-ceramics, amayeza, kunye ne-petroleum.
2, Ukufunyanwa kweBariumkunye neSimo soPhuhliso lwaseTshayinaBariumIshishini
1. Imbali emfutshane yokufunyanwa kwebarium
I-alkaline yomhlaba i-metal sulfides ibonisa i-phosphorescence, oku kuthetha ukuba baqhubeka bekhupha ukukhanya ebumnyameni ixesha elide emva kokuvezwa ekukhanyeni. Kungenxa yolu phawu kanye ukubabariumiikhompawundi sele ziqalisile ukufumana ingqalelo.
Ngowe-1602, uV. Casiorolus, umthungi wezihlangu eBologna, eItali, wafumanisa ukuba ibarite eyayinezihlangu.bariumi-sulfate ikhupha ukukhanya ebumnyameni emva kokuyigcada ngezinto ezivuthayo. Le nto yavusa umdla weengcali zamachiza zaseYurophu. Ngo-1774, usokhemisti waseSweden uCW Scheele wafumanisa into entsha kwi-barite, kodwa akazange akwazi ukuyahlula, kuphela yioxide yaloo element. Ngowe-1776, uJohan Gottlieb Gahn wakhetha le oxide kuhlolisiso olufanayo. UBaryta ekuqaleni wayebizwa ngokuba yi-barote nguGuyton de Morveau, kwaye kamva wathiywa ngokuba yi-baryta (umhlaba onzima) ngu-Antoine Lavoisier. Ngo-1808, i-chemist yaseBritani u-Humphry Davy wasebenzisa i-mercury njenge-cathode, iplatinam njenge-anode, kunye ne-electrolyzed barite (BaSO4) ukuvelisa.bariumukudibanisa. Emva kwe-distillation yokususa i-mercury, isinyithi esinobunyulu obuphantsi safunyanwa kwaye sabizwa ngegamabarium.
Ukusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso nako kunembali engaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka
Kwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, abantu baqala ukusebenzisa i-barite (iminerali ebalulekileyo ekuvelisenibariumkwayebariumiikhompawundi) njengesithako seepeyinti. Ukusukela kule nkulungwane, i-barite iye yaba yeyona nto iphambili yokuvelisa izinto ezahlukeneyobariumequlethe iimveliso zekhemikhali. Ngenxa yobungakanani bayo obubalulekileyo, iipropathi ezizinzileyo zeekhemikhali, kunye nokunganyibiliki emanzini kunye neeasidi, i-barite isetyenziswe njengearhente yobunzima bodaka lweoyile kunye nerhasi yokomba kwangeminyaka yoo-1920s.BariumI-sulfate isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwee-pigments ezimhlophe kwaye inokusetyenziswa njenge-filler kunye ne-colorant yerabha.
2. Imeko yaseTshayinabariumishishini
Eqhelekileyobariumiityuwa ziqukabariumisulfate,bariumi-nitrate, i-barium chloride,bariumcarbonate,bariumicyanide, njl.BariumIimveliso zetyuwa zisetyenziswa ikakhulu kushishino lwe-elektroniki njengezongezo zemibhobho yemifanekiso yombala kunye nemathiriyeli kazibuthe.
Okwangoku, iChina iye yaba lelona lizwe livelisa imvelisobariumiityuwa. Umthamo wemveliso wonyaka wehlabathi jikelelebariumI-carbonate imalunga neetoni ezingama-900000, kunye nemveliso yeetoni ezimalunga ne-700000, ngelixa amandla emveliso yaseTshayina malunga neetoni ezingama-700000, kunye nemveliso yonyaka emalunga neetoni ezingama-500000, ezibalelwa ngaphezulu kwe-70% yehlabathi.bariumamandla okuvelisa icarbonate kunye nemveliso. eTshayinabariumIimveliso zecarbonate ziye zathunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle ngobuninzi ixesha elide, kwaye iChina iye yaba lelona lizwe lithumela ngaphandle kwelizwe.bariumcarbonate.
Iingxaki ezijongene noPhuhliso lweBariumIshishini leTyuwa eTshayina
Nangona iChina ingoyena mvelisi kunye nomthengisi omkhulu wehlabathibariumcarbonate, akuyena umvelisi onamandla we-barium carbonate. Okokuqala, zimbalwa iindawo ezinkulubariumamashishini okuvelisa i-carbonate e-China, kwaye kukho amashishini ambalwa kakhulu aphumelele imveliso enkulu; Okwesibini, eTshayinabariumIimveliso ze-carbonate zinesakhiwo esisodwa kunye nokungabikho kwemveliso ye-high-tech. Nangona ezinye iifektri ziphanda ngoku kwaye zivelisa ubunyulu obuphezulubariumcarbonate, ukuzinza kwayo kubi. Kwiimveliso ezisulungekileyo, iChina ikwadinga ukungenisa kumazwe angaphandle kwiinkampani ezinjengeJamani, i-Italiya, neJapan. Ukongeza, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amanye amazwe aba ngabathumeli abatsha bamanye amazwebariumcarbonate, ezifana neRashiya, iBrazil, uMzantsi Korea, kunye neMexico, okukhokelela ekufumaneni ngokugqithisileyo kumazwe ngamazwebariumimarike carbonate, eye yaba nempembelelo enkulu kwi Chinabariumishishini carbonate. Abavelisi bakulungele ukunciphisa amaxabiso ukuze baphile. Ngaxeshanye, amashishini athumela ngaphandle aseTshayina ajongene nophando oluchasene nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma evela phesheya. Ngokuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kweemfuno zokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, ezinyebariumamashishini okuvelisa ityuwa e-China nawo ajongene nemiba yokukhuselwa kwendalo. Ukuze kukhuthazwe uphuhliso lwe Chinabariumishishini letyuwa,bariumamashishini okuvelisa ityuwa e-China kufuneka athathe ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko njengesiseko, ngokuqhubekayo uphando kunye nokwazisa ubugcisa obuphambili, kunye nokuphuhlisa iimveliso ezintsha ezihlangabezana neemfuno zamaxesha kwaye zinomxholo ophezulu wezobuchwepheshe.
Imveliso kunye neDatha yokuThumela ngaphandle kweBarite eChina
Ngokutsho kwedatha evela kwi-United States Geological Survey, imveliso ye-barite e-China yayimalunga ne-41 yezigidi zeetoni ngo-2014. Ngokweenkcukacha-manani zesiko laseTshayina, ukususela ngoJanuwari ukuya kuDisemba 2014, i-China yathumela ngaphandle kwe-92588597 kilograms.bariumsulfate, ukwanda kwe-0.18% xa kuthelekiswa nexesha elifanayo kunyaka ophelileyo. Ixabiso lokuthumela ngaphandle elongezelekayo laliyi-65496598 yeedola zaseMelika, ukunyuka nge-20.99% xa kuthelekiswa nexesha elifanayo kunyaka ophelileyo. Ixabiso leyunithi yokuthumela ngaphandle laliyi-0.71 yeedola zaseMelika ngekhilogram, ukunyuka kwe-0.12 yeedola zaseMelika ngekhilogram xa kuthelekiswa nexesha elifanayo kunyaka ophelileyo. Phakathi kwabo, ngoDisemba 2014, i-China yathumela ngaphandle kweekhilogram ze-8768648 zebariumsulfate, ukwanda kwe-8.19% xa kuthelekiswa nexesha elifanayo kunyaka ophelileyo. Imali ethunyelwa ngaphandle yayiyi-8385141 yeedola zaseMelika, ukwanda kwe-5.1% xa kuthelekiswa nexesha elifanayo kunyaka ophelileyo.
Ngokutsho kwedatha yaseTshayina, ngoJuni 2015, iChina yathumela ngaphandle kwe-170000 yeetonibariumi-sulfate, ukuhla kwe-1.7% xa kuthelekiswa nexesha elifanayo kunyaka ophelileyo; Kwisiqingatha sokuqala sonyaka, umthamo wokuthunyelwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle wawusisi-1.12 sezigidi zeetoni, ukwehla nge-6.8% xa kuthelekiswa nexesha elifanayo kunyaka ophelileyo; Isixa-mali esikwamanye amazwe athunyelwa ngaphandle sehle nge-5.4% kunye ne-9% ngokulandelelanayo xa kuthelekiswa nexesha elifanayo kunyaka ophelileyo.
3, Ukusasazwa kunye nokuveliswa kweZibonelelo zeBarium (Barite).
1. Ukuhanjiswa kwezixhobo ze-barium
Umxholo webariumkwi-crust yi-0.05%, ibeka indawo ye-14. Iiminerali eziphambili kwindalo ziyi-barite (bariumi-sulfate BaSO4) kunye ne-herite (bariumcarbonate BaCO3). Phakathi kwabo, i-barite iyona minerali eqhelekileyo ye-barium, eyakhiwe ngayobariumi-sulfate kwaye yenzeka kwimithanjana ye-hydrothermal yobushushu obuphantsi, njengemithambo ye-quartz barite, imithambo ye-fluorite barite, njl. njl.bariumequkethe i-mineral in nature, ngaphezu kwe-barite, kunye necandelo layo eliphambilibariumcarbonate.
Ngokwedatha evela kwi-United States Geological Survey ngo-2015, ubutyebi behlabathi jikelele bumalunga neetoni ezi-2 zeebhiliyoni, apho i-740 yezigidi zeetoni ziqinisekisiwe. Oovimba bebharite behlabathi baziitoni ezingama-350 ezigidi. I-China lilizwe elinezona zixhobo zininzi ze-barite. Amanye amazwe anezixhobo ezityebileyo zebarite aquka iKazakhstan, Türkiye, India, Thailand, United States kunye neMexico. Imithombo eyaziwayo ye-barite ehlabathini iquka i-Westman Land e-UK, i-Felsbonne e-Romania, i-Saxony e-Jamani, i-Tianzhu e-Guizhou, i-Heifenggou e-Gansu, i-Gongxi e-Hunan, i-Liulin e-Hubei, i-Xiangzhou e-Guangxi, kunye ne-Shuiping e-Shaanxi.
Ngokutsho kwedatha evela kwi-United States Geological Survey ngo-2015, imveliso yehlabathi jikelele ye-barite yayiyi-9.23 yezigidi zeetoni ngo-2013 kwaye yanda ukuya kwi-9.26 yezigidi zeetoni ngo-2014. Ngo-2014, i-China yayingumvelisi omkhulu we-barite, kunye nemveliso ye-4.1 yezigidi zeetoni. , ibalwa malunga ne-44.3% yemveliso iyonke yehlabathi. I-Indiya, i-Morocco, kunye ne-United States ibeka indawo yesibini, yesithathu, neyesine ngokulandelanayo, kunye nemveliso yeetoni ze-1.6 yezigidi, i-1 yezigidi zeetoni kunye ne-720000 yeetoni.
2. Ukuhanjiswa kweBariumIzibonelelo eTshayina
I-China ityebile kwibariumizixhobo ezikrwada, kunye nogcino oluqikelelweyo lulonke olungaphezu kwe-1 bhiliyoni yeetoni. Ngaphezu koko, ibakala le-barium ore liphezulu kakhulu, kwaye oovimba bayo kunye nemveliso okwangoku ibekwe kwindawo yokuqala emhlabeni. Eyona ixhaphakileyobariumequlethe iminerali kwindalo yi-barite. Ugcino lwebharite yehlabathi lizizigidi ezingama-350 zeetoni, ngelixa ugcino lwebarite eTshayina li-100 lezigidi zeetoni, lubalelwa malunga ne-29% yolondolozo lwehlabathi lulonke kwaye lubekwe kwindawo yokuqala emhlabeni.
Ngokutsho kwedatha "Uphononongo lweeNdawo zokuGxininiswa kweziMbiwa eziPhambili kunye neZibonelelo zeMigodi yaseShayina yaseBarite" (iChemical Mineral Geology, i-2010), iChina ityebile kwimithombo ye-barite, isasazwa kumaphondo angama-24 (imimandla) kwilizwe lonke, kunye nokugcinwa kunye nomgangatho wemveliso. kuqala emhlabeni. Kukho iindawo zemigodi ezili-195 ezinoovimba abaqinisekisiweyo e-China, kunye novimba wobutyebi oqinisekisiweyo we-390 yezigidi zeetoni zentsimbi ekrwada. Ukusuka kwiphondo (lommandla) wokusasazwa kwebarite, iPhondo laseGuizhou lineyona migodi yebharite, ethatha i-34% yolondolozo lwelizwe; I-Hunan, i-Guangxi, i-Gansu, i-Shaanxi kunye namanye amaphondo (imimandla) ithatha indawo yesibini. La maphondo amahlanu angasentla athatha i-80% yoovimba besizwe. Uhlobo lwediphozithi luyintlenga, lubalelwa kuma-60% oovimba bebonke. Ukongeza, kukho iindidi ezilawulwayo (i-endogenetic), i-volcanic sedimentary, i-hydrothermal, kunye ne-weathered (i-residual slope). Ixesha leminerali yayilixesha lePaleozoic, kwaye iidiphozithi ze-barite zenziwa ngexesha leSinian kunye neMesozoic Cenozoic.
Iimpawu zeBarite Mineral Resources e-China
Ukusuka kumbono wobungakanani, iiminerali ze-barite e-China zisasazwa kakhulu kwindawo ephakathi; Ngokwebakala, phantse zonke izimbiwa ezityebileyo zigxile ikakhulu eGuizhou naseGuangxi; Ukusuka kwimbono yesikali sediphozithi yentsimbi, iidiphozithi ze-barite zaseTshayina zinkulu kwaye ziphakathi. Kuphela ziindawo zemigodi ezimbini zaseGuizhou Tianzhu Dahe Bian kunye neHunan Xinhuang Gongxi ezibalelwa ngaphezu kwesiqingatha soovimba kule mimandla. Ngokuqhelekileyo, uhlobo olulodwa lwe-barite lolona hlobo lwe-ore oluphambili, kwaye i-mineral composition kunye nomlinganiselo wokwakheka kweekhemikhali zilula kwaye zinyulu, njenge-Hunan Xinhuang Gongxi barite mine. Ukongeza, kukwakho oovimba abakhulu beeminerali ezihlangeneyo ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo.
4, Inkqubo yokuvelisa i-barium
1. Ukulungiswa kwebarium
Ukuveliswa kwe-metallic barium kwishishini kubandakanya amanyathelo amabini: ukuveliswa kwe-barium oxide kunye nokuveliswa kwe-metallic barium ngokunciphisa i-thermal yensimbi (ukunciphisa i-aluminothermic).
(1) Ukulungiswa kwebariumioksidi
Umgangatho ophezulu we-barite ore kuqala ufuna ukukhethwa ngesandla kunye nokujikeleza, kulandelwa yintsimbi kunye nokususwa kwe-silicon ukuze kufumaneke i-concentrate equkethe ngaphezu kwe-96%bariumisulfate. Xuba umgubo wamaminerali kunye nobukhulu beqhekeza elingaphantsi kwe-20 mesh kunye namalahle okanye i-petroleum coke powder kumlinganiselo wobunzima be-4: 1, kunye ne-calcine kwi-1100 ℃ kwisithando somlilo.Bariumi-sulfate iyancitshiswa ibe yi-barium sulfide (eyaziwa ngokuba yi "black ash"), ehlanjululwa ngamanzi ashushu ukufumana isisombululo se-barium sulfide. Ukuze uguqule i-barium sulfide ibe yi-barium carbonate precipitation, kuyimfuneko yokongeza i-sodium carbonate okanye ukwazisa i-carbon dioxide kwi-barium sulfide isisombululo samanzi. Xuba i-barium carbonate ne-carbon powder kunye ne-calcine engaphezulu kwe-800 ℃ ukufumana i-barium oxide. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba i-barium oxide oxidize ukwenza i-barium peroxide kwi-500-700 ℃, kunye ne-barium peroxide inokubola ukuze yenze.bariumoxide kwi 700-800 ℃. Ngoko ke, ukuphepha ukuvelisa i-barium peroxide, iimveliso ze-calcined kufuneka zipholile okanye zicinywe phantsi kokukhusela igesi ye-inert.
(2) Ukuveliswa kweintsimbi ye-bariumngendlela yokunciphisa i-aluminothermic
Kukho iimpendulo ezimbini zokunciphisa i-aluminiyambariumoxide ngenxa yezithako ezahlukeneyo:
6BaO+2Al → 3BaO • Al2O3+3Ba ↑
Okanye: 4BaO+2Al → BaO • Al2O3+3Ba ↑
Kubushushu obusuka kwi-1000 ukuya kwi-1200 ℃, ezi mpendulo zimbini zivelisa kancinci kakhulu.barium, ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa ipompo yokucoca ukuhambisa ngokuqhubekayobariumUmphunga osuka kwindawo yokusabela ukuya kwindawo yocondensation ukuze impendulo iqhubeke ukuya ekunene. Intsalela emva kokusabela inetyhefu kwaye inokulahlwa kuphela emva konyango.
2. Ukulungiswa kwee-compounds ze-barium eziqhelekileyo
(1) Indlela yokulungiselela yebariumcarbonate
① Indlela yeCarbonization
Indlela ye-carbonization ikakhulu ibandakanya ukuxuba i-barite kunye namalahle kwinqanaba elithile, ukuwatyumza kwisithando somlilo esijikelezayo, kunye nokutshisa kunye nokunciphisa kwi-1100-1200 ℃ ukufumana i-barium sulfide melt. Ikharbon diokside ifakwa kwibariumisisombululo se-sulfide se-carbonization, kunye nefunyenwebariumI-carbonate slurry iphantsi kokuhlamba i-desulfurization kunye nokuhluzwa kwe-vacuum. Emva koko, yomiswe kwaye ityunyuzwe kwi-300 ℃ ukufumana imveliso ye-barium carbonate egqityiweyo. Le ndlela yamkelwa ngabakhiqizi abaninzi ngenxa yenkqubo yayo elula kunye neendleko eziphantsi.
② Indlela yokubola entsonkothileyo
Imveliso yokugqibela yebariumI-carbonate inokufunyanwa ngokusabela kabini kokubola phakathi kwe-barium sulfide kunye ne-ammonium carbonate, okanye ngokusabela phakathi kwe-barium chloride kunye ne-potassium carbonate. Imveliso ephumayo ke ihlanjwe, ihluzwe, yomiswe, njl.
③ Umthetho wePetrochemical onetyhefu eNzima
Umgubo onzima we-ore oyityhefu uphendulwa ngetyuwa ye-ammonium ukwenza ukunyibilikabariumityuwa, kunye ne-ammonium carbonate iyaphinda isetyenziswe. Into enyibilikayobariumityuwa yongezwa kwi-ammonium carbonate ukuze ikhuphe i-barium carbonate ecocekileyo, ehluzwayo kwaye yomiswe ukuvelisa imveliso egqityiweyo. Ukongeza, obu tywala bufunyenweyo bunokuphinda busetyenziswe kwaye buphinde busetyenziswe.
(2) Indlela yokulungiselela yebariumtitanate
① Indlela yesigaba esiqinileyo
Bariumi-titanate inokulungiswa ngokubalabariumcarbonate kunye ne-titanium dioxide, enokuthi ifakwe kuyo nayiphi na enye into.
② Indlela yokulinganisa
Nyibilikisabariumikloridi kunye ne-titanium tetrachloride kumxube wezinto ezilinganayo, ubushushu ukuya kuma-70 ° C, kwaye emva koko uwise i-oxalic acid ukufumana imvula yamanzi.bariumtitanate [BaTiO (C2O4) 2-4H2O]. Hlamba, wome, kwaye emva koko i-pyrolysis ukufumana i-barium titanate.
(3) Indlela yokulungiselela yebariumikloridi
Inkqubo yemveliso yebariumikloridi ikakhulu ibandakanya indlela ye-hydrochloric acid,bariumIndlela ye-carbonate, indlela ye-calcium chloride, kunye nendlela ye-magnesium chloride ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo okanye izinto eziluhlaza.
① Indlela ye-Hydrochloric acid.
②Bariumindlela carbonate. Yenziwe ngelitye elibuniweyo (i-barium carbonate) njengento ekrwada.
③ Indlela yecalcium chloride. Ukunciphisa umxube we-barite kunye ne-calcium chloride ngekhabhoni.
Ukongeza, kukho indlela ye-magnesium chloride. Ilungiselelwe ngokunyangabariumsulfide kunye ne-magnesium chloride.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-01-2023