Yintoni iumhlaba onqabileyo?
Abantu banembali engaphezu kweminyaka engama-200 ukusukela ekufumaneni umhlaba onqabileyo ngo-1794. Kuba babembalwa amamineli afunyanwa ngelo xesha, i-oxis encinci kuphela inokuthi ifumaneke ngendlela yemichiza. Ngokwembali, ii-oxides ezinjalo zazibizwa ngokuba "nguMhlaba", yiyo le igama lomhlaba odumileyo.
Ngapha koko, imilenze yomhlaba inqabile ayinqabi kwindalo. Umhlaba onqabileyo awuyomhlaba, kodwa yinto eqhelekileyo yentsimbi. Uhlobo lwayo olusebenzayo luyisibini kuphela kwi-alkali yentsimbi kunye ne-alkaline yomhlaba. Banomxholo ngakumbi kwi-crust ngaphandle kobhedu oluqhelekileyo, i-zinc, i-tin, iCobabat, kunye neNickel.
Okwangoku, umhlaba onqabileyo usetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo efana ne-elektroniki, i-Perochemicals, i-Intersellgy, njl. Ziyakwazi ukufumana i-3-5 iminyaka, izazinzulu azikwazi ukwenza izinto ezintandathu ezinqabileyo, umntu akanakwenza ngaphandle kwehlabathi elinqabileyo.
I-China ityebile kwiMinerali yomhlaba enqabileyo, ikwinqanaba lokuqala kumanqanaba amathathu oMhlaba: Indawo yokugcina, isikali semveliso kunye nevolumu yokuthumela ngaphandle. Kwangelo xesha, i-China ikwangelolilizwe elinokubonelela zonke izinyithi ezingama-17 ezomhlaba, ngakumbi umhlaba onqabileyo kunye nobunzima obunqabileyo.
Ukuguqula umhlaba onqabileyo
Izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zenziwe ngezinto ze-lanthanaide kwitheyibhile yezinto ezithile zekhemizili:i-lanthanum(LA),i-cerium(CE),I-Praseodziyoium(Pr),I-Neodmium(I-ND), PROMIIUM (PM),I-Sarium(I-sm),I-Europium(I-EU),IGadilinium(GD),I-Terbium(I-TB),dysprosium(Dy),iHolmium(Ho),i-erbium(Er),gulium(I-TM),ytterbium(YB),lutitium(Lu), kunye nezinto ezimbini ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo neLanthide:Isikali(I-SC) kwayeyttrium(Y).
Ibizwa ngokuba yiUmhlaba onqabileyo, ishwankathelwe ngumhlaba onqabileyo.
Ukuhlelwa kwezinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo
Ihlelwe ziipropathi zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali zezinto:
Izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo:Isikali, i-Yttrium, i-Lantharum, i-cerium, i-ceosedumium, ne-rasedium, i-prometium, iSamarium, e-Europium
Izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo:IGadalinium, i-Terbium, i-tersprosium, i-Holmium, i-Erbium, i-Tulium, Ytterbium, Lutterbium, i-Yuter
Ihlelwe ziimpawu zemineral:
Iqela leCierium:I-Lanthanum, i-cerium, i-rasedymuum, ne-rasedysium, iprometium, iSamarium, e-Europium
Iqela le-Yttrium:IGadalinium, i-Terbium, i-gelium, i-Holmium, i-Erbium, i-Thulium, eYtterbium, i-YTERTEIUM, SCATETIUM, YETMIUM
Ukwahlulahlulwa ngokwahlukana
Umhlaba onqabileyo womhlaba (i-P204 i-acidity ebuthathaka): I-Lanthanum, i-cerium, i-rasedymuum, ne-neodium
Umhlaba oPhakamileyo oPhakamileyo (i-P204 ephantsi)ISamarium, i-Eurpium, Gadolinium, Terbium, Dysprosium
Umhlaba onqabileyo (I-Acidity Essing kwi-P204):I-Holmium, i-erbium, i-tulium, ytterbium, lutetium, yttrium
Iipropathi zezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba
Ngaphezulu kweemisebenzi ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zihambelana nobume babo be-elektroniki, zenza ukuba zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi kuzo zombini izinto zemveli kunye neMihlaba eNtsha yeTeknoloji eNtsha.
I-4F ye-elektroni
I-1. Iipropathi zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali
★ zinepropathi ye-metric ecacileyo; Yimgqwazi yesilivere, ngaphandle kwe-rasehedymuum kunye ne-neodimium, ibonakala ityheli
★ imibala ye-oxide
★ FUNDA IZIXHOBO ZOKUZIPHATHA NGOKUGQIBELA
★ intsimbi emnandi
★ Kulula ukuxhuzula emoyeni
I-2 i-optoectronies
★ I-Sublayer ye-4F ye-4F, apho i-4F electroni ikhuselwe i-elektroni yangaphandle, ikhokelela kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo okujonga kunye namandla
When 4f electrons transition, they can absorb or emit radiation of various wavelengths from ultraviolet, visible to infrared regions, making them suitable as luminescent materials
Ukuqhutywa okuhle, ukukwazi ukulungiselela umhlaba onqabileyo womhlaba ngendlela yendlela ye-electrolysis
Indima ye-4F ye-Electrons zezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo
1.Izona zisebenzisa amanqaku angama-4F
★ 4f ilungiselelo le-Eletron Spin:ibonakaliswe njenge-magnetism eyomeleleyo-efanelekileyo yokusetyenziswa njengezixhobo zesisigxina ze-Magnet, izixhobo ze-MR Icinga, iinzwa zemagneti, i-Supercondis, njl
★ I-4F ORTAL SORTONT: ibonakaliswe njenge-LOMORTEPRTITS-ilungele ukusetyenziswa njengezixhobo ze-LOMORCE ezinjengeephosphors, ii-infrareds, i-fiber amer
Inguqu ye-elektroniki kwi-4F yamandla enqanaba le-4F yamandla eNqanaba: ibonakaliswe njengemibala-efanelekileyo yokufaka imibala kunye nokubekwa kwendawo yendawo eshushu, ii-pigmes, ioyile ye-ceramic, iglasi, njl njl
I-2 ayihambelani ne-4F ye-Eletron, kusetyenziswa i-ionic radic, intlawulo kunye neepropathi zekhemikhali
★ Iimpawu zeNyukliya:
ICandelo elincinci le-HRMAL LOKUGQIBELA
Icandelo elikhulu le-neutron lokukhwela i-neutron
★ Iredi yasemhlabeni inqabile, intlawulo, iipropathi zekhemikhali:
I-Lapta Gecces, irediyo efanayo ye-Ionic, iipropathi zeekhemikhali, iintlawulo ezahlukeneyo-ezifanelekileyo ukufudumeza, i-Catalyst, njl
Ubungqina boqwalaselo-kufanelekile ukuba basebenzise njenge-Hydrogen Altod Afhode, izixhobo ze-microwave zokufundela, njl
Iipropathi ze-electro of kunye ne-Delectrical-ilungele ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuhambisa iimo zemo yemozulu, i-ceramics ebonakalayo, njl
IXESHA LOKUQALA: UJUL-06-2023