Yintoni iumhlaba onqabileyo?
Abantu banembali engaphezu kwama-200 eminyaka ukususela ekufunyanweni kwemihlaba enqabileyo ngo-1794. Ekubeni zazimbalwa izimbiwa ze-Rare-earth ezafunyanwa ngelo xesha, kuphela isixa esincinane se-insoluble oxides samanzi esasinokufunyanwa ngendlela yemichiza. Ngokwembali, ezo oxides zazihlala zibizwa ngokuba "ngumhlaba", ngenxa yoko igama lomhlaba onqabileyo.
Enyanisweni, i-Rare-earth mineral ayinqabile kwindalo. Umhlaba onqabileyo awungomhlaba, kodwa yinto eqhelekileyo yentsimbi. Uhlobo lwayo olusebenzayo luyisibini kuphela kwiintsimbi zealkali kunye neentsimbi zomhlaba zealkaline. Banomxholo ongaphezulu kwi-crust kune-copper eqhelekileyo, i-zinc, i-tin, i-cobalt, kunye ne-nickel.
Okwangoku, imihlaba enqabileyo isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ezifana ne-electronics, i-petrochemicals, i-metallurgy, njl. Phantse yonke iminyaka eyi-3-5, izazinzulu ziyakwazi ukufumanisa ukusetyenziswa okutsha komhlaba onqabileyo, kwaye kuzo zonke izinto ezintandathu, umntu akanako ukwenza. ngaphandle komhlaba onqabileyo.
I-China izityebi ngezimbiwa zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, ibekwe kwindawo yokuqala kumanqanaba amathathu ehlabathi: oovimba, isikali semveliso, kunye nomthamo othunyelwa ngaphandle. Kwangaxeshanye, i-China ikwalelona lizwe kuphela elinokubonelela ngazo zonke i-17 zesinyithi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, ngakumbi umhlaba ophakathi kunye nonzima onqabileyo onezicelo ezibalaseleyo zomkhosi.
Ukwakhiwa kwento yomhlaba enqabileyo
Izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zenziwe ngezinto zeLanthanide kwitheyibhile yeekhemikhali:lanthanum(La),i-cerium(Ce),ipraseodymium(Pr),neodymium(Nd), ipromethium (Pm),samarium(Sm),ubuchopho(I-EU),gadolinium(Gd),terbium(Tb),idysprosium(Dy),iholmium(Ho),ierbium(Er),thulium(Tm),ytterbium(Yb),ilutetium(Lu), kunye nezinto ezimbini ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo nelanthanide:scandium(Sc) kunyeiyttrium(Y).
Ibizwa ngokubaUmhlaba onqabileyo, ishunqulelwe njengeRare Earth.
Ukuhlelwa kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba
Ihlelwa ngokweempawu ezibonakalayo kunye neekhemikhali zezinto:
Iziqalelo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zokukhanya:scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium
Izinto ezinzima ezinqabileyo zomhlaba:gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium
Ihlelwa ngokweempawu zeminerali:
Iqela leCerium:lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium
Iqela leYttrium:gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, scandium, yttrium
Ukuhlelwa ngokwahlulahlula:
Ukukhanya komhlaba onqabileyo (P204 i-acidity ebuthathaka yokutsalwa): lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium
Umhlaba ophakathi onqabileyo (P204 i-acidity ephantsi yokutsalwa):i-samarium, i-europium, i-gadolinium, i-terbium, i-dysprosium
Umhlaba onqabileyo onzima (ukukhutshwa kweasidi kwi-P204):holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, yttrium
Iipropati zezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba
Ngaphezulu kwemisebenzi engama-50 yezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezinxulumene nesakhiwo sazo sombane esikhethekileyo se-4f, esenza ukuba zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi kuzo zombini izixhobo zemveli kunye nobuchwepheshe obuphezulu bezinto ezintsha.
I-4f ye-electron orbit
1. Iimpawu zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali
★ Ineempawu zentsimbi ezicacileyo; Yisilivere engwevu, ngaphandle kwepraseodymium kunye neodymium, ibonakala ityheli elikhanyayo
★ Imibala ye-oxide ecebileyo
★ Yenza iikhompawundi ezizinzileyo kunye neentsimbi ezingezizo
★ Metal edlamkileyo
★ Kulula ukwenza i-oxidize emoyeni
Iimpawu ezi-2 ze-Optoelectronic
★ I-sublayer ye-4f engagcwaliswanga, apho ii-electron ze-4f zikhuselwe ngee-electron zangaphandle, ezikhokelela kwimimiselo eyahlukeneyo ye-spectral kunye namanqanaba amandla.
Xa ii-electron ze-4f zitshintsha, zinokufunxa okanye zikhuphe imitha yobude obuhlukeneyo ukusuka kwi-ultraviolet, ebonakalayo kwimimandla ye-infrared, ibenze bafaneleke njengezinto ezikhanyayo.
★ I-conductivity elungileyo, ekwaziyo ukulungiselela iintsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ngendlela ye-electrolysis
Indima ye-Electron ye-4f ye-Rare Earth Elements kwizinto eziNtsha
1.Izixhobo ezisebenzisa iimpawu ze-elektroniki ze-4f
★ 4f electron spin ilungiselelo:ibonakaliswe njengemagnethi eyomeleleyo - ilungele ukusetyenziswa njengezixhobo zemagnethi ezisisigxina, izixhobo zokucinga zeMRI, izinzwa zemagnethi, ii-superconductors, njl.
★ 4f inguqu ye-electron ye-orbital: ibonakaliswe njengeempawu ze-luminescent-zilungele ukusetyenziswa njengezinto ezikhanyayo ezifana ne-phosphors, i-laser ye-infrared, i-fiber amplifiers, njl.
Utshintsho lwe-elektroniki kwibhendi yesikhokelo somgangatho we-4f: ibonakaliswe njengeempawu zombala-zilungele ukufaka imibala kunye nokuguqulwa kombala kwezinto ezishushu, ii-pigments, ioyile yeceramic, iglasi, njl.
I-2 inxulumene ngokungathanga ngqo kwi-electron ye-4f, isebenzisa i-Ionic radius, intlawulo kunye neepropati zeekhemikhali
★ Iimpawu zeNyukliya:
I-neutron encinci ye-thermal Absorption cross section – ilungele ukusetyenziswa njengemathiriyeli yesakhiwo sezixhobo zenyukliya, njl.
I-neutron enkulu yokufunxa icandelo lomnqamlezo – ilungele izixhobo ezikhuselayo zezixhobo zenyukliya, njl.
★ Umhlaba onqabileyo werediyasi ye-Ionic, intlawulo, iipropati zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali:
Iziphene zeLattice, irediyasi ye-Ionic efanayo, iipropathi zeekhemikhali, iintlawulo ezahlukeneyo-zilungele ukufudumeza, i-catalyst, into yokuva, njl.
Ubume besakhiwo-ilungele ukusetyenziswa njengezixhobo zokugcina i-hydrogen alloy cathode, izinto zokufunxa kwi-microwave, njl.
Iipropathi ze-electro optical kunye ne-dielectric-zilungele ukusetyenziswa njengezinto zokumodareyitha ukukhanya, iiseramics ezicacileyo, njl.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jul-06-2023