SICapium, kunye nophawu lwezinto ze-SC kunye nenani leatom le-21, linyibilika ngokulula emanzini, linokunxibelelana namanzi ashushu, kwaye ngokulula emnyama emoyeni. I-valence yayo iphambili i-3. Ihlala ixutywe neGadalinium, i-Erbium, kunye nezinye izinto, ngesivuno esisezantsi kunye nomxholo we-0.0005% kwi-crust. I-Scandium ihlala isetyenziselwa ukwenza iglasi ekhethekileyo kunye neqondo lobushushu obuqaqambileyo.
Okwangoku, iindawo eziqinisekisiweyo zeScandium kwihlabathi ziyitoni yezigidi ezi-2, i-90 ~ i-Urarium ye-Urarium, i-phojikin, i-phojikistan, eNorward, eNorway kunye namanye amazwe. I-China ityebile kakhulu kwizixhobo zeScandium, ezineeminerali ezinkulu ezinxulumene nesikali. Ngokutsho kwezibalo ezingaphelelanga, oovimba besiScandi malunga neetoni ezingama-600000, eziqulathwe kwi-phospite ye-pin china, kunye ne-phonzyry kunye ne-punz yomhlaba we-tungz tun tunnetium magnetium.
Ngenxa yokunqongophala kwesikali, ixabiso lesiScandium liphezulu kakhulu, kwaye kwi-piaki yayo, ixabiso lesiScandium lalinyibilikisiwe kangangezihlandlo ezili-10 ixabiso legolide. Nangona ixabiso lesiScandium liwile, lisezihlandlo ezine ixabiso legolide!
Ukufumanisa imbali
Ngo-1869, uMelekeleev waphawula i-gatomic mass phakathi kwe-calcium (40) kunye neTitanium (48), kwaye waxela kwangaphambili ukuba kukho ne-Atomic engafakwanga i-Atomic ephakathi apha. Uxele kwangaphambili ukuba i-oxide yayo yi-X O å. I-Scandium yafunyanwa ngo-1879 nge-lars frederik nilson yeyunivesithi yasePuppsala eSweden. Wayidlulisela kwigodi emnyama yegolide enqabileyo, ioyile enzima eneentlobo ezisi-8 ze-oxidee zentsimbi. UyekileI-Erbium (III) i-oxideukusuka kwigolide emnyama yegolide, yafunyanwaYtterbium (iii) oxideKule nquida, kwaye kukho enye i-godaden yento elula, ebonisa ukuba yintsimbi engaziwayo. Le yintsimbi eqikelelweyo yiMendeleev, kabani oXideIsikrini. Intsimbi ye-Scandium ngokwayo yaveliswaI-scandium chloridengokunyibilika ngo-1937.
Mendileev
Isimo se-elektronte
Isimo se-Eletron RongiSelweyo: 1s2 2s2 2P6 3s2 3P6 4s2 3D1
I-Scandium yintsimbi ethambileyo, yesilivere emhlophe ethambileyo kunye nendawo yokunyibilika ye-1541 ℃ kunye nendawo yokubila ye-2831 ℃.
Kwithuba elininzi emva kokufunyanwa kwalo, ukusetyenziswa kwesiScandium kwakungabonakaliswanga ngenxa yobunzima bayo bemveliso. Ngokuphuculwa okwandayo kweendlela zokwahlulahlulahlula umhlaba, ngoku kukho inkqubo yokuqina yokuhamba nokucoca i-scandium. Kungenxa yokuba isikali incinci i-alkaline kuno-Yttrium kunye ne-Lanthanide, i-hydradide yobuthathaka, ngoko ke i-Scandi iqulathwe kwi-Scandi ye-Scandi ye-Scandi inyangwe nge-Ammonia emva kokuba idluliselwe kwisisombululo. Enye indlela yokwahlula i-scandium titrate nge-polar yokungasebenzi kwe-nitrate. Ngoba i-Scandium I-Nitrate yeyona ilula ukubola, iSandium inokwahlulwa. Ukongeza, ukubuyiselwa ngokubanzi kwesikali esihamba ne-Urandium, i-Thorium, Tungsten, i-Tin kunye nezinye iidipozithi ze-munis zingumthombo obalulekileyo weSpandium.
Emva kokufumana i-Scandium emsulwa, iguqulwa ibe yi-SCCL nxibelelana kwaye inyibilikiswe nge-KCL kunye ne-Childl. I-zunc e-molten isetyenziswa njenge-cathode ye-elektrolysis, ebangela isikhephe kwi-styciate kwi-ininctrode ye-zinc. Emva koko, i-zinc ikhutshiwe ukuba ifumane i-standium yesinyithi. Esi sisinyithi esikhanyayo esikhanyayo esineepropathi zekhemikhali esisebenzayo, esinokusabela ngamanzi ashushu ukuvelisa igesi ye-hydrogen. Ke isikati yesinyithi oyibonayo emfanekisweni sitywinwe kwibhotile kwaye sikhuselwe ngegesi ye-Argon, kungenjalo i-Scandaium iya kuphinda ibethe ngokukhawuleza i-birter emnyama okanye ilahlekile i-bient lusters.
Izicelo
Ishishini lokukhanya
Ukusetyenziswa kweScandium kugxilwe kwizikhokelo eziqaqambileyo kakhulu, kwaye ayisiyongxaki yokuyibiza ngokuba ngunyana wokukhanya. Isixhobo sokuqala somlingo wesikali sibizwa ngokuba sisibane seScidium Sodium, esinokusetyenziselwa ukuzisa ukukhanya kwamawaka amawaka amakhaya. Esi sisikhanyiso sombane sentsimbi: I-bulb igcwaliswe yi-sodium ye-sodium kunye ne-scandium triodide, kunye ne-scandium kunye ne-sodium kunye ne-sodium foil zongezwa kwangaxeshanye. Ngexesha le-voltage ephezulu, i-scandium ion kunye ne-sodium ii-ions ngokulandelelana i-ekukhanyiseni amaza abo e-Emiex. Imigca yesodium yesodium ingama-589.0 kwaye i-589.6 i-NM, imigca emibini etyheli, ngelixa imigca emibini yeSpandium yi-361.3 ~ 424.7 I-NM ekufutshane kunye ne-Ertraviolet kunye ne-Eltraviolet kunye ne-Eltraviolet kunye ne-Eltraviolet kunye ne-Eltraviolet kunye ne-Eltraviolet kunye ne-Eltraviolet. Kuba banomncedisana, umbala wokukhanya okukufutshane oveliswe kukukhanya okumhlophe. Kuthengiswa ngokuchanekileyo kuba izibane zeScandium Sodium zineempawu zokwenza impumelelo enkulu, umbala ofanelekileyo wokukhanya, kunye ne-Subsor, kunye neeNdawo zeNdlela, kwaye zaziwa njengemithombo yokukhanya kwendlela. E China, olu hlobo lwesibane lukhuthazwe ngokuthe ngcembe njengetekhnoloji entsha, ngelixa kumazwe athile, olu hlobo lwesibane lwalusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwasekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1980.
Isixhobo sesibini somlingo seSpandium ziiseli ze-Solar ze-Solama, ezinokuqokelela ukukhanya okusasazeka emhlabeni kwaye kuguqulwe kumbane ukuqhuba uluntu. I-Scandium yeyona nyibilikisi yentsimbi ye-istator yensimbi ye-semiconductorli silicon solar kunye neeseli zelanga.
Isixhobo sayo somlingo sesithathu sibizwa ngokuba yi-ray umthombo, esi sixhobo somlingo sinokukhanya ngokuqaqambileyo kwayo, kodwa olu hlobo lokukhanya alunakufunyanwa ngamehlo, i-photon enamandla ephoni. Sidla ngokukhupha i-45sC kwizimbiwa, ezo kuphela kwe-isotopes ye-scandium. I-nucleus nganye ye-45s iqulethe iiprotokholi ezingama-21 kunye ne-24 neutrons. I-46SC, i-isotope ye-radiating ye-radiope, inokusetyenziswa njengoko imithombo ye-radiation okanye ii-atom zetreyini zinokusetyenziselwa i-radiotherapy yamathumba abuhlungu. Kukho izicelo ezinjengeYttrium Gallium Scandaum Padium Paget Laser,I-Scandium fluorideI-Glass i-Infrance Fiber, kunye ne-Scandium Calated Tube Tube yeTV kwiTV. Kubonakala ngathi scandium izalelwe ngokukhanya.
Imveliso ye-Alloy
I-Scandium kwifom yayo ye-Scandol isetyenziselwe ngokubanzi ekuhlaleni izabelo ze-aluminium. Kangangexesha eli thuba le-scandium yongezwa kwi-aluminium, iSigaba esitsha se-AL3SC siya kusekwa, esiya kudlala indima ye-I-Aluminium Alloay kwaye yenze isakhiwo kunye neepropathi zotshintsho oluguqukayo. Ukongeza i-0.2% ye-0.4% SC (efana kakhulu nenqanaba lokwenza ityiwa yetyuwa ye-150-200 ℃, kwaye iphucule kakhulu iqondo lobushushu, kwaye lingakwazi ukuzinza kwe-wilding, kunye nokunganyangeki kwe-welding, kunye nokunganyangeki kwe-welding, kunye nokungaxhathisi. Ingakuphepha kwakhona i-phenomeno yokuguqula ilula ukuba yenzeke ngexesha lomsebenzi wexesha elide kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Amandla aphezulu kunye ne-Aluminam ephezulu ye-Aluminam, i-Aluminam entsha ye-Aluminum, i-Aluminam eNgezelelweyo ye-Aluminum ye-Aluminum, i-Nelt.
Isikali sikwayinto ebalaseleyo yentsimbi, kwaye inani elincinci lesiScandium linokuphucula kakhulu amandla kunye nobunzima be-iron yentsimbi. Ukongeza, isikati sinokusetyenziswa njengesongezelelo sezongezo zeqondo lobushushu eliphezulu kunye neChromium. Ewe, ukongeza ekwenzeni iimpahla zomtshato, i-Scandium inendawo ephezulu yokunyibilikisa kunye nokuxinana kwayo kuyafana ne-Altinum, kwaye ikwasetyenziswa kwi-Altinum, kwaye ikwasetyenziswa kwinqaku eliphezulu le-Scadium ye-Scandium kunye ne-Scandium Walloum. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yexabiso layo eliphezulu, isetyenziswa rhoqo kwimizi-mveliso yokuphela yokuphela njenge-shuttles kunye neerhekethi.
Izinto ze-ceramic
Isikali, into enye, isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-alloys, kwaye i-oxiles yayo idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwizixhobo ze-ceramic ngendlela efanayo. I-tetraconal ziircocia ze-ceraguc, ezinokusetyenziswa njengezixhobo ze-electrode zeeseli ze-ox ox ox ox ox Aide, zinepropathi eyahlukileyo apho ukwenziwa kwe-elektrolyte yonyukayo kunye nokuxinana kweoksijini kwindalo. Nangona kunjalo, ubume bekristale yale ntshukumo ye-ceramic ngokwayo ayinakubakho kwaye ayinaxabiso lemveliso; Kuyimfuneko ukuwenza ezinye izinto ezinokulungisa le nto ukuze zigcine iipropathi zantlandlolo. Ukongeza i-6 ~ 10% i-scandium oxide injengesakhiwo sekhonkrithi, ukuze i-ziirconia ingazinza kwi-fattice yesikwere.
Kukwakho izixhobo zobunjineli ze-ceramic ezifana namandla amakhulu kunye ne-silicon enganyangekiyo yeqondo lobushushu i-witrive njengeindawo zokugcina izinto kunye nezilo.
Njengomntu ovuthuzayo,I-Scandium OxideUnokwenza iSigaba seSigaba seSC2SI2O7 kumda wamasuntswana amahle, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswa impatho-ntloko yobushushu be-ceramic yobunjineli. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye ii-oxides, kunokoloko ukuphucula iipropathi zeqondo lobushushu eliphezulu lesilicon nitride.
I-Catalytic chemistry
Kwinjinelikhali, i-Scandium ihlala isetyenziswa njenge-catalyst, ngelixa i-SC2O3 ingasetyenziselwa ukupheliswa kwempahla emzimbeni kunye ne-edoxidol okanye i-Isopropanol, kunye nokuveliswa kwe-ithylene evela kwi-CO kunye ne-H2. I-PT SATAlly iqulathe i-SC2O3 ikwangumntu obaluleke kakhulu kwiindlela zokucoca i-hydrogentations enzima kunye neenkqubo zokuhlaziya kwishishini lePetrochemical. Kwindlela yokuqhekeza i-Catalytic efana ne-cumene, umsebenzi we-SC-Y DETAORYST ngamaxesha angama-1000 ngaphezulu kwe-Aluminium Silically; Xa kuthelekiswa ne-catalysts yendabuko yesiqhelo, amathemba ophuhliso lwe-Scandiium Catalysts ziya kukhanya kakhulu.
Umzi-mveliso weNyukliya
Ukongeza isixa esincinci se-SC2O3 kwi-UO2 kwi-IO2 kwi-velere fuel ye-nuclear inokuthintela i-lattice, ukunyusa ivolumu, kunye nokuqhekeka okubangelwa ngu-UO2 kwi-UO3 kwi-UO2 yokutshintsha.
Iseli ye-oyile
Ngokufanayo, ukongeza i-2,5% ukuya kwi-25% ye-scandium ukuya kwi-Nickel Alkali Butaties iya kwandisa ubomi benkonzo yabo.
Ukuzalela kwezolimo
Kwezolimo, imbewu efana nengqolowa, i-beet, i-pea, ingqolowa kunye nojongilanga zinokunyangwa nge-Scandium Scalfate (i-Scandition i-10-3 ~), kwaye eyona mpembelelo yokukhuthaza ikhulile ifezekisiwe. Emva kweeyure ezisi-8, ubunzima obutshisayo beengcambu kunye neebhulukhwe zenyuke nge-37% kunye ne-78% ngokuthelekisa imbewu, kodwa umatshini usephantsi kwesifundo.
Ukusuka kwityala likaNielses kwityala ledatha yeatom ukuya namhlanje, isikatium singene kumbono weminyaka elikhulu okanye iminyaka elikhulu kuphela, kodwa iphantse yahlala i-Bench kwi-Bench iminyaka elikhulu. Kwakungekho kude kuphuhliso olunamandla lwesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ephelileyo kangangokuba yazisa amandla. Namhlanje, izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, kubandakanya nesiShendi, zibe ziinkwenkwezi ezishushu kwinzululwazi, zidlalela iindima eziguqukayo kumawakawaka yonke imihla, kwaye zenze ixabiso loqoqosho olunzima ngakumbi.
Ixesha lokuphumla: Jun-29-2023