Scandium, kunye ne-element symbol Sc kunye nenombolo ye-Atomic ye-21, i-soluble ngokulula emanzini, inokunxibelelana namanzi ashushu, kwaye ibe mnyama ngokulula emoyeni. Eyona valence yayo yi+3. Ihlala ixutywa kunye ne-gadolinium, i-erbium, kunye nezinye izinto, kunye nesivuno esiphantsi kunye nomxholo omalunga ne-0.0005% kwi-crust. I-Scandium isoloko isetyenziselwa ukwenza iglasi ekhethekileyo kunye ne-alloys ephezulu yobushushu obulula.
Okwangoku, oovimba abaqinisekisiweyo be-scandium emhlabeni bazizizigidi ezi-2 zeetoni kuphela, i-90 ~ 95% yazo equlethwe kwi-Bauxite, i-phosphorite kunye ne-iron titanium ores, kunye nenxalenye encinci ye-uranium, i-thorium, i-tungsten kunye ne-ores yomhlaba enqabileyo, ngokukodwa. zisasazwa eRashiya, eTshayina, eTajikistan, eMadagascar, eNorway nakwamanye amazwe. I-China ityebile kakhulu kwimithombo ye-scandium, kunye noovimba abakhulu beeminerali ezinxulumene ne-scandium. Ngokwezibalo ezingaphelelanga, oovimba be-scandium e-China bamalunga ne-600000 yeetoni, eziqulethwe kwi-Bauxite kunye ne-phosphorite deposits, i-porphyry kunye ne-quartz vein tungsten deposits eMzantsi China, iidiphozithi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo eMzantsi China, i-Bayan Obo enqabileyo yomhlaba idiphozithi yentsimbi. I-Mongolia yangaphakathi, kunye ne-Panzhihua vanadium titanium magnetite deposit eSichuan.
Ngenxa yokunqongophala kwe-scandium, ixabiso le-scandium nalo liphezulu kakhulu, kwaye kwincopho yalo, ixabiso le-scandium liye lanyuka ukuya kuma-10 ixabiso legolide. Nangona ixabiso le-scandium liwile, lisaphinda kane ixabiso legolide!
Ukufumana iMbali
Ngo-1869, uMendeleev waqaphela umsantsa kubunzima beathom phakathi kwekhalsiyam (40) kunye ne-titanium (48), kwaye waxela kwangaphambili ukuba kukho into engafunyaniswanga ephakathi apha. Waxela kwangaphambili ukuba i-oxide yayo yi-X ₂ O Å. I-Scandium yafunyanwa ngo-1879 nguLars Frederik Nilson weYunivesithi yaseUppsala eSweden. Wayikhupha kumgodi wegolide omnyama onqabileyo, intsimbi exandileyo equlethe iindidi ezisi-8 zesinyithi. Uye wakhuphaI-Erbium(III) oxideukusuka kwintsimbi emnyama enqabileyo yegolide, kwaye ifunyenweYtterbium(III) oxideukusuka kule oxide, kwaye kukho enye i-oxide ye-element lighter, i-spectrum yayo ibonisa ukuba yintsimbi engaziwayo. Le yintsimbi eyaxelwa kwangaphambili nguMendeleev, oksijidi yakheSc₂O₃. Intsimbi yescandium ngokwayo yaveliswa kuyoI-Scandium chloridengokunyibilika kwe-electrolytic ngo-1937.
Mendeleev
Ubume be-electron
Ubume be-electron: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1
I-Scandium yintsimbi ethambileyo, emhlophe yesilivere enendawo yokunyibilika ye-1541 ℃ kunye nendawo yokubilisa ye-2831 ℃.
Ngexesha elide emva kokufunyanwa kwayo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-scandium akuzange kuboniswe ngenxa yobunzima bayo kwimveliso. Ngokuphucuka okwandayo kweendlela ezinqabileyo zokwahlula izinto zomhlaba, ngoku kukho inkqubo evuthiweyo yokuhamba yokucoca iikhompawundi ze-scandium. Ngenxa yokuba i-scandium ingaphantsi kwe-alkaline kune-yttrium kunye neLanthanide, i-hydroxide yeyona nto ibuthathaka, ngoko ke into enqabileyo yomhlaba exutywe ngeminerali equlethe i-scandium iya kwahlulwa kwinto enqabileyo yomhlaba ngokuthi "inyathelo lemvula" xa i-hydroxide ye-Scandium (III) iphathwa nge-ammonia emva koko. ukudluliselwa kwisisombululo. Enye indlela yokwahlula iScandium nitrate ngokubola kwePolar yenitrate. Ngenxa yokuba i-nitrate ye-scandium yeyona nto ilula ukubola, i-scandium inokwahlulwa. Ukongezelela, ukubuyiswa ngokubanzi kwe-scandium ehamba kunye ne-uranium, i-thorium, i-tungsten, i-tin kunye nezinye iidiphozithi zamaminerali nazo zingumthombo obalulekileyo we-scandium.
Emva kokufumana ikhompawundi yescandium esulungekileyo, iguqulwa ibe yiScCl Å kwaye idibene ne-KCl kunye ne-LiCl. I-zinc etyhidiweyo isetyenziswa njenge-cathode ye-electrolysis, ibangela ukuba i-scandium iqhube kwi-zinc electrode. Emva koko, i-zinc iyakhutshwa ngumphunga ukufumana i-metallic scandium. Le yintsimbi ekhaphukhaphu yesilivere emhlophe eneempawu zekhemikhali ezisebenza kakhulu, ezinokusabela ngamanzi ashushu ukwenza igesi yehydrogen. Ngoko i-scandium yesinyithi oyibonayo emfanekisweni ivalwe kwibhotile kwaye ikhuselwe ngegesi ye-argon, ngaphandle koko i-scandium iya kwenza ngokukhawuleza i-oxyde ebumnyama okanye i-gray oxide layer, ilahlekelwe yintsimbi ecwebezelayo.
Usetyenziso
Ishishini lokukhanyisa
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-scandium kugxininiswe kwiindlela eziqaqambileyo, kwaye ayikokubaxa ukuyibiza ngokuba nguNyana woKhanya. Isixhobo sokuqala somlingo se-scandium sibizwa ngokuba yi-scandium sodium isibane, esinokusetyenziswa ukuzisa ukukhanya kumawaka emizi. Le yintsimbi ye-halide Ukukhanya kombane: i-bulb igcwele i-Sodium iodide kunye ne-Scandium triiodide, kunye ne-scandium kunye ne-sodium foil zongezwa ngexesha elifanayo. Ngexesha lokukhutshwa kwe-voltage ephezulu, ii-ion ze-scandium kunye ne-sodium ion ngokulandelelana zikhupha ukukhanya komgangatho wazo wokukhutshwa kwamaza. Imigca ye-spectral ye-sodium yi-589.0 kunye ne-589.6 nm, izibane ezibini ezidumileyo eziphuzi, ngelixa imigca ye-spectral ye-scandium i-361.3 ~ 424.7 nm, uluhlu olusondeleyo lwe-ultraviolet kunye nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngenxa yokuba ziyancedisana, umbala wokukhanya xa uwonke oveliswa kukukhanya okumhlophe. Kungenxa yokuba izibane ze-sodium ze-scandium zineempawu zokukhanya okuphezulu okukhanyayo, umbala wokukhanya okulungileyo, ukonga amandla, ubomi obude benkonzo, kunye nekhono elinamandla lokuqhekeza inkungu ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwiikhamera zethelevishini, izikwere, iindawo zezemidlalo, kunye nokukhanya kwendlela, kwaye zaziwa njengemithombo yokukhanya yesizukulwana sesithathu. E-China, olu hlobo lwesibane ngokuthe ngcembe lukhuthazwa njengeteknoloji entsha, ngelixa kwamanye amazwe aphuhlileyo, olu hlobo lwesibane lwalusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwasekuqaleni kwee-1980s.
Isixhobo sesibini somlingo se-scandium yi-solar photovoltaic cell, enokuqokelela ukukhanya okuhlakazekileyo emhlabeni kwaye iguqule ibe ngumbane wokuqhuba uluntu. I-Scandium sesona sithintelo sesinyithi kwi-metal insulator semiconductor silicon iiseli zelanga kunye neeseli zelanga.
Isixhobo sayo sesithathu somlingo sibizwa ngokuba ngu-γ Umthombo we-ray, esi sixhobo somlingo sinokukhanya ngokuqaqambileyo ngokwaso, kodwa olu hlobo lokukhanya alunakufunyanwa ngeso lenyama, kukuhamba kwephoton ephezulu yamandla. Ngokuqhelekileyo sikhupha i-45Sc kwiiminerali, ezikuphela kwe-isotopi zeNdalo ze-scandium. I-nucleus nganye ye-45Sc iqulethe iiprotoni ezingama-21 kunye neeneutron ezingama-24. I-46Sc, isotopu eyenziwe ngeradioactive, ingasetyenziswa γ Imithombo yemitha okanye iiathom zokulandela umkhondo nazo zinokusetyenziselwa ukunyanga amathumba anobungozi. Kukho izicelo ezifana neyttrium gallium scandium garnet laser,I-Scandium fluorideiglasi infrared ifayibha optical, kunye scandium coated cathode ray ityhubhu kumabonakude. Kubonakala ngathi i-scandium izalwa ngokuqaqamba.
Ishishini le-alloy
I-Scandium kwifom yayo ye-elemental isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwi-doping aluminium alloys. Ngethuba nje amawaka ambalwa e-scandium yongezwa kwi-aluminium, isigaba esitsha se-Al3Sc siya kwenziwa, esiya kudlala indima ye-Metamorphism kwi-aluminium alloy kwaye senze isakhiwo kunye neempawu ze-alloy zitshintshe kakhulu. Ukongeza i-0.2% ~ 0.4% Sc (efana nyani nomlinganiselo wokongeza ityuwa ukuvuselela imifuno eqhotsiweyo ekhaya, incinci kuphela efunekayo) inokunyusa ubushushu bokubuyisela i-alloy nge-150-200 ℃, kwaye iphucule kakhulu. -amandla obushushu, uzinzo lwesakhiwo, ukusebenza kwe-welding, kunye nokumelana nomhlwa. Iyakwazi nokuphepha i-embrittlement phenomenon ekulula ukwenzeka ngexesha lomsebenzi wexesha elide kumaqondo aphezulu. Amandla aphezulu kunye nokuqina okuphezulu kwe-aluminium alloy, i-alloy entsha ye-aluminiyam enganyangekiyo kwi-corrosion, i-alloy entsha yobushushu obuphezulu, i-neutron irradiation resistant aluminium alloy, njl. izixhobo zenyukliya, izithuthi ezilula kunye noololiwe abahamba ngesantya esiphezulu.
I-Scandium ikwayi-modifier egqwesileyo yentsimbi, kwaye inani elincinci le-scandium linokuphucula kakhulu amandla kunye nobunzima bentsimbi. Ukongeza, i-scandium inokuphinda isetyenziswe njengesongezo se-tungsten yobushushu obuphezulu kunye ne-chromium alloys. Ewe kunjalo, ukongeza ekwenzeni iimpahla zomtshato zabanye, i-scandium inendawo yokunyibilika ephezulu kwaye ingxinano yayo iyafana ne-aluminium, kwaye ikwasetyenziswa kwiindawo ezinyibilikayo ezinobunzima obufana ne-scandium titanium alloy kunye ne-scandium magnesium alloy. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yexabiso layo eliphezulu, isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuphela kwimizi-mveliso ephezulu efana neeshuttles kunye neerokethi.
Izinto zeCeramic
I-Scandium, into enye, isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwii-alloys, kwaye i-oxides yayo idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwizinto ze-ceramic ngendlela efanayo. I-tetragonal zirconia ceramic material, enokusetyenziswa njengento ye-electrode yeeseli eziqinileyo ze-oxide, inepropati ekhethekileyo apho i-conductivity yale electrolyte yanda ngokunyuka kweqondo lokushisa kunye noxinzelelo lwe-oxygen kwindawo. Nangona kunjalo, i-crystal structure yale nto ye-ceramic ngokwayo ayinakho ukuhlala ngokuzinzileyo kwaye ayinayo ixabiso lezoshishino; Kubalulekile ukwenza i-doping ezinye izinto ezinokulungisa esi sakhiwo ukuze kugcinwe iimpawu zayo zokuqala. Ukongeza i-6 ~ 10% i-Scandium oxide ifana nesakhiwo sekhonkrithi, ukwenzela ukuba i-zirconia ikwazi ukuzinza kwi-square lattice.
Kukwakho nezixhobo ze-ceramic zobunjineli ezinje ngokuqina okuphezulu kunye nobushushu obuphezulu obuxhathisa i-silicon nitride njengezinto ezixineneyo kunye nezizinzisi.
Njengoxinaniso,I-Scandium oxideinokwenza i-refractory phase Sc2Si2O7 kumda wamasuntswana amahle, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa i-deformation ephezulu yobushushu beekeramics zobunjineli. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye ii-oxides, inokuphucula ngcono i-high-temperature mechanical properties ye-silicon nitride.
Ikhemistri yeCatalytic
Kwimichiza yobunjineli, i-scandium isoloko isetyenziswa njenge-catalyst, ngelixa i-Sc2O3 ingasetyenziselwa ukuchithwa kwamanzi kunye ne-deoxidation ye-ethanol okanye i-isopropanol, ukuchithwa kwe-acetic acid, kunye nokuveliswa kwe-ethylene kwi-CO kunye ne-H2. I-Pt Al i-catalyst equlethe i-Sc2O3 nayo iyinto ebalulekileyo yokucoca i-oyile enzima ye-hydrogenation kunye neenkqubo zokucoca kwi-petrochemical industry. Kwiimpendulo ze-catalytic cracking ezifana neCumene, umsebenzi we-Sc-Y zeolite catalyst ngamaxesha angama-1000 aphezulu kune-Aluminium silicate catalyst; Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye ii-catalysts zendabuko, amathuba okuphuhliswa kwe-scandium catalysts aya kuqaqamba kakhulu.
Ushishino lwamandla enyukliya
Ukongeza inani elincinci le-Sc2O3 kwi-UO2 kwi-reactor ephezulu yobushushu be-reactor fuel yenyukliya inokuphepha ukuguqulwa kwe-lattice, ukunyuka kwevolumu, kunye nokuqhekeka okubangelwa ukuguqulwa kwe-UO2 ukuya kwi-U3O8.
Iseli yamafutha
Ngokufanayo, ukongeza i-2.5% ukuya kwi-25% scandium kwiibhetri ze-nickel alkali ziya kwandisa ubomi babo benkonzo.
Ukufuya kwezolimo
Kwezolimo, imbewu efana nombona, i-beet, i-pea, ingqolowa kunye ne-sunflower inokunyangwa nge-Scandium sulfate (i-concentration ngokubanzi i-10-3 ~ 10-8mol / L, izityalo ezahlukeneyo ziya kuba ezahlukeneyo), kunye nefuthe langempela lokukhuthaza ukuhluma. iphunyeziwe. Emva kweeyure ezi-8, ubunzima obomileyo beengcambu kunye namathupha bunyuke nge-37% kunye ne-78% ngokulandelelanayo xa kuthelekiswa nezithole, kodwa indlela yokusebenza iphantsi kophando.
Ukusuka kwingqalelo ye-Nielsen kwityala ledatha ye-Atomic mass ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, i-scandium ingene kumbono wabantu iminyaka elikhulu okanye engamashumi amabini kuphela, kodwa iphantse yahlala ebhentshini iminyaka elikhulu. Kwakungekho de kwaba kukukhula ngamandla kwenzululwazi yezinto eziphathekayo ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane edluleyo apho okuthe kwamzisa amandla. Namhlanje, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, eziquka i-scandium, ziye zaba ziinkwenkwezi ezishushu kwinzululwazi yezixhobo, zidlala indima eguqukayo rhoqo kumawaka eenkqubo, zizisa ubulula kubomi bethu yonke imihla, nokudala ixabiso lezoqoqosho ekunzima ngakumbi ukulilinganisa.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-29-2023