Umlingo onqabileyo woMhlaba: Ytterbium

Ytterbium: inombolo ye-athomu engama-70, ubunzima be-atom 173.04, igama le-athomu elithathwe kwindawo ekufunyenwe kuyo. Umxholo we-ytterbium kwi-crust yi-0.000266%, ikakhulu ekhoyo kwi-phosphorite kunye neediphozithi zegolide ezinqabileyo ezimnyama. Umxholo kwi-monazite ngu-0.03%, kwaye kukho i-7 isotopes yendalo

Ifunyenwe

Ngu: Marinak

Ixesha: 1878

Indawo: eSwitzerland

Ngo-1878, iikhemisti zaseSwitzerland uJean Charles kunye noG Marignac bafumanisa into entsha enqabileyo yomhlaba kwi "erbium". Ngo-1907, u-Ulban no-Weils bachaza ukuba i-Marignac yahlula umxube we-lutetium oxide kunye ne-ytterbium oxide. Kwinkumbulo yelali encinci ebizwa ngokuba yiYteerby kufutshane neStockholm, apho kwafunyanwa khona intsimbi ye-yttrium, le nto intsha yathiywa ngokuba yiYtterbium enophawu uYb.

Ubume be-electron

Ubume be-electron
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14

Isinyithi

I-Metallic ytterbium yisilivere engwevu, i-ductile, kwaye inokwakheka okuthambileyo. Kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, i-ytterbium inokucolwa ngeoksijini ngumoya namanzi.

Kukho izakhiwo ezimbini zekristale: α- Uhlobo luhlobo lwenkqubo yekristale ye-cubic (iqondo lokushisa kwegumbi -798 ℃); β- Udidi yityhubhikhi egxile kumzimba (ngaphezu kwama-798 ℃) iletisi. Indawo yokunyibilika 824 ℃, indawo yokubilisa 1427 ℃, ingxinano ehambelanayo 6.977（ α- Uhlobo), 6.54（ β- Uhlobo).

Ayinyibiliki emanzini abandayo, inyibilika kwiiasidi kunye neammonia elulwelo. Izinzile emoyeni. Ngokufana ne-samarium kunye ne-europium, i-ytterbium yeye-variable valence enqabileyo yomhlaba, kwaye inokuba kwimeko entle ye-divalent ukongeza ekubeni iqhelekile.

Ngenxa yolu phawu oluguquguqukayo lwe-valence, ukulungiswa kwe-ytterbium ye-metallic akufanele kuqhutywe nge-electrolysis, kodwa ngokunciphisa indlela ye-distillation yokulungiselela nokuhlanjululwa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, isinyithi se-lanthanum sisetyenziswa njenge-arhente yokunciphisa i-distillation, isebenzisa umahluko phakathi koxinzelelo lomphunga ophezulu we-ytterbium yesinyithi kunye noxinzelelo oluphantsi lomphunga wensimbi ye-lanthanum. Kungenjalo,thulium, ytterbium, kwayeilutetiumkugxininise kungasetyenziswa njengezinto ezikrwada, kunyemetal lanthanuminokusetyenziswa njenge-arhente yokunciphisa. Ngaphantsi kweemeko eziphezulu ze-vacuum ze-> 1100 ℃ kunye ne-<0.133Pa, i-ytterbium yensimbi inokukhutshwa ngokuthe ngqo ngokunciphisa i-distillation. Njenge-samarium kunye ne-europium, i-ytterbium inokwahlulwa kwaye ihlanjululwe ngokunciphisa okumanzi. Ngesiqhelo, ithulium, ytterbium, kunye nelutetium concentrates zisetyenziswa njengemathiriyeli ekrwada. Emva kokunyibilika, i-ytterbium iyancitshiswa ibe yi-divalent state, ibangele umahluko obonakalayo kwiipropathi, ize ke yohlulwe kwamanye ama-trivalent omhlaba anqabileyo. Ukuveliswa kokucoceka okuphezului-ytterbium oxideidla ngokuqhutywa yi-extraction chromatography okanye indlela yokutshintshiselana nge-ion.

Isicelo

Isetyenziselwa ukwenza ii-alloys ezikhethekileyo. I-Ytterbium alloys isetyenziswe kumayeza amazinyo kwiimvavanyo zetsimbi kunye neekhemikhali.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-ytterbium iye yavela kwaye yaphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza kwiinkalo zonxibelelwano lwefiber optic kunye ne-laser technology.

Ngokwakhiwa kunye nophuhliso "lwendlela yolwazi", uthungelwano lwekhompyutheni kunye neenkqubo zokusasaza i-fiber optical umgama omde ziye zanda iimfuno eziphezulu zokusebenza kwezixhobo zefiber optical ezisetyenziselwa unxibelelwano lwe-optical. I-Ytterbium ion, ngenxa yeepropathi zazo ezibalaseleyo zembonakalo, zingasetyenziswa njengezixhobo zokukhulisa ifayibha kunxibelelwano lwamehlo, njenge-erbium kunye ne-thulium. Nangona umhlaba onqabileyo we-erbium usengowona mdlali uphambili ekulungiseleleni i-fiber amplifiers, iifayili ze-quartz zendabuko ze-erbium-doped zine-bandwidth encinci yokuzuza (30nm), okwenza kube nzima ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zesantya esiphezulu kunye nokuhanjiswa kolwazi oluphezulu. I-Yb3+ion inecandelo elinqamlezileyo lokufunxa elikhulu kune-Er3+ion malunga ne-980nm. Ngempembelelo ye-Yb3+ kunye nokuhanjiswa kwamandla e-erbium kunye ne-ytterbium, ukukhanya kwe-1530nm kunokwandiswa kakhulu, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kokukhanya.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-erbium ytterbium co doped phosphate glass iye yathandwa kakhulu ngabaphandi. Iiglasi zePhosphate kunye ne-fluorophosphate zinemichiza elungileyo kunye nokuzinza kwe-thermal, kunye nokuhanjiswa okubanzi kwe-infrared kunye neempawu ezinkulu ezingafaniyo zokwandisa, zizenza izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zebroadband kunye nokuzuza okuphezulu kweglasi yefayibha yokukhulisa i-erbium-doped. I-Yb3 + i-doped fiber amplifiers inokufezekisa ukukhulisa amandla kunye nokwandiswa kwesignali encinci, kubenze bafaneleke amasimi anjenge-fiber optic sensors, unxibelelwano lwelaser yendawo yasimahla, kunye ne-ultra short pulse amplification. I-China ngoku yakha esona sixhobo sikhulu ehlabathini kunye nenkqubo yesantya ekhawulezayo yokuhambisa i-optical, kwaye inolwazi olubanzi lwendlela ehlabathini. I-Ytterbium doped kunye nezinye i-doped fiber amplifiers ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kunye nemathiriyeli yelaser zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kunye nebalulekileyo kuzo.

Iimpawu ezibonakalayo zeytterbium zikwasetyenziswa njengemathiriyeli yelaser ekumgangatho ophezulu, zombini njengeekristale zelaser, iiglasi zelaser, kunye nefiber lasers. Njengemathiriyeli yelaser enamandla kakhulu, iikristale ze-laser ze-ytterbium doped zenze uthotho olukhulu, kubandakanya i-ytterbium doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Yb: YAG), ytterbium doped gadolinium gallium garnet (Yb: GGG), ytterbium doped calcium fluorophosphate (Yb: FAP) , ytterbium doped strontium fluorophosphate (Yb: S-FAP), ytterbium doped yttrium vanadate (Yb: YV04), ytterbium doped borate, kunye nesilicate. I-laser ye-semiconductor (LD) luhlobo olutsha lwempompo yomthombo we-laser-state lasers. I-Yb: I-YAG ineempawu ezininzi ezifanelekileyo zokupompa i-LD yamandla aphezulu kwaye ibe yinto yelaser yokupompa i-LD yamandla aphezulu. Yb: Ikristale ye-S-FAP isenokusetyenziswa njengemathiriyeli yelaser yelaser nuclear fusion kwixesha elizayo, ethe yatsala umdla wabantu. Kwiikristali ze-laser ezinokuguqulelwa, kukho i-chromium ytterbium holmium yttrium aluminium gallium garnet (Cr, Yb, Ho: YAGG) ene-wavelengths ukusuka kwi-2.84 ukuya kwi-3.05 μ Ukulungelelaniswa ngokuqhubekayo phakathi kwe-m. Ngokwezibalo, uninzi lwee-warheads ze-infrared ezisetyenziswa kwimijukujelwa kwihlabathi liphela zisebenzisa i-3-5 μ Ke ngoko, uphuhliso lwe-Cr, Yb, Ho: YSGG lasers lunokubonelela ngongenelelo olusebenzayo kumanyathelo okumelana nesixhobo esikhokelwayo se-infrared, kwaye inokubaluleka okubalulekileyo emkhosini. I-China iphumelele uluhlu lweziphumo ezintsha kunye nenqanaba eliphezulu lamazwe ngamazwe kwintsimi ye-ytterbium doped laser crystals (Yb: YAG, Yb: FAP, Yb: SFAP, njl.), Ukusombulula iiteknoloji eziphambili ezifana nokukhula kwekristale kunye ne-laser fast, pulse, imveliso eqhubekayo, kunye ne-adjustable. Iziphumo zophando zisetyenziswe kukhuselo lwelizwe, ishishini, kunye nobunjineli besayensi, kunye neemveliso zekristale ze-ytterbium zithunyelwe kumazwe amaninzi nakwimimandla efana ne-United States neJapan.

Olunye udidi oluphambili lwezixhobo ze-laser ye-ytterbium yiglasi ye-laser. Iiglasi ezahlukeneyo ze-laser eziphuma kwindawo ephezulu ziphuhlisiwe, kubandakanya i-germanium tellurite, isilicon niobate, iborate, kunye nephosphate. Ngenxa yokulula kokubunjwa kweglasi, inokwenziwa ngobukhulu obukhulu kwaye ineempawu ezinjengokuhanjiswa kokukhanya okuphezulu kunye nokufana okuphezulu, okwenza kube lula ukuvelisa iilaser zamandla aphezulu. Iglasi yelaser yomhlaba eqhelekileyo enqabileyo yayidla ngokuba yiglasi ye-neodymium, enembali yophuhliso engaphezulu kweminyaka engama-40 kunye nemveliso eqolileyo kunye nobuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa. Ibisoloko iyimathiriyeli ekhethwayo yezixhobo zelaser ezinamandla aphezulu kwaye ibisetyenziswa kwizixhobo zokulinga zokudityaniswa kwenyukliya kunye nezixhobo zelaser. Izixhobo zelaser ezinamandla aphezulu ezakhiwe eTshayina, ezibandakanya iglasi ye-laser neodymium njengeyona ndlela iphambili yelaser, ifikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu lehlabathi. Kodwa iglasi ye-laser neodymium ngoku ijongene nomngeni onamandla kwiglasi ye-laser ytterbium.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, inani elikhulu lophononongo lubonise ukuba iipropathi ezininzi zeglasi ye-laser ytterbium zidlula ezo zeglasi ye-neodymium. Ngenxa yokuba i-ytterbium doped luminescence inamanqanaba amabini amandla kuphela, ugcino lwamandla luphezulu. Ngenzuzo efanayo, iglasi ye-ytterbium inokugcinwa kwamandla ngokufanelekileyo amaxesha angama-16 aphezulu kuneglasi ye-neodymium, kunye ne-fluorescence yokuphila ngamaxesha e-3 yeglasi ye-neodymium. Ikwanazo neengenelo ezinje ngoxinaniso lwe-doping ephezulu, i-absorption bandwidth, kwaye inokumpontshwa ngokuthe ngqo zii-semiconductors, iyenza ilungele kakhulu iilaser zamandla aphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kweglasi ye-ytterbium laser kaninzi kuxhomekeke kuncedo lwe-neodymium, njengokusebenzisa i-Nd3 + njengesensitizer ukwenza iglasi ye-ytterbium laser isebenze kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi kwaye μ Ukukhutshwa kweLaser kufezekiswa kwi-m wavelength. Ke, i-ytterbium kunye neodymium bobabini bakhuphisana kunye nabalingane abasebenzisanayo kwibala leglasi yelaser.

Ngokulungelelanisa ukubunjwa kweglasi, iipropati ezininzi ze-luminescent zeglasi ye-ytterbium laser inokuphuculwa. Ngophuhliso lweelaser ezinamandla njengolona lwalathiso luphambili, iilaser ezenziwe ngeglasi ye-ytterbium laser ziya zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kushishino lwangoku, ezolimo, amayeza, uphando lwezenzululwazi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezempi.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezomkhosi: Ukusebenzisa amandla aveliswa kukudityaniswa kwenyukliya njengoko amandla ibisoloko iyinjongo elindelekileyo, kwaye ukuzuza ulungelelwaniso olulawulwayo lwenyukliya iya kuba yindlela ebalulekileyo eluntwini yokusombulula iingxaki zamandla. I-Ytterbium doped laser glass isiba sesona sixhobo sikhethwayo sokufezekisa ukuphuculwa kwe-inertial confinement fusion (ICF) kwinkulungwane yama-21 ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo kakuhle kwelaser.

Izixhobo zeLaser zisebenzisa amandla amakhulu ombane welaser ukubetha nokutshabalalisa iithagethi, zenza amaqondo obushushu eebhiliyoni zeedigri zeCelsius kwaye zihlasele ngokuthe ngqo ngesantya sokukhanya. Banokubizwa ngokuba yiNadana kwaye banobungozi obukhulu, ngakumbi balungele iinkqubo zezixhobo zokhuselo lomoya kwimfazwe. Ukusebenza okugqwesileyo kweglasi ye-laser eyenziwe nge-ytterbium yenze ukuba ibe sisixhobo esisisiseko esibalulekileyo sokwenza izixhobo zelaser ezinamandla aphezulu kunye nezisebenza kakhulu.

I-Fiber laser yitekhnoloji entsha ephuhla ngokukhawuleza kwaye ikwakwicandelo losetyenziso lweglasi yelaser. I-laser ye-fiber yi-laser esebenzisa i-fiber njenge-laser medium, eyimveliso yokudibanisa i-fiber kunye ne-laser technology. Bubuchwephesha obutsha belaser obuphuhliswe ngokwesiseko sobuchwepheshe be-erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). I-laser yefiber yenziwe nge-semiconductor laser diode njengomthombo wempompo, i-fiber optic waveguide kunye ne- gain medium, kunye nezinto ezibonakalayo ezifana ne-grating fibers kunye ne-couplers. Ayifuni ukulungiswa komatshini wendlela ye-optical, kwaye i-mechanical i-compact kwaye kulula ukuyidibanisa. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-laser yemveli eqinileyo kunye ne-lasemiconductor lasers, ineengenelo zetekhnoloji kunye nokusebenza okufana nomgangatho ophezulu we-beam, uzinzo oluhle, ukuchasana okunamandla nokuphazamiseka kokusingqongileyo, akukho luhlengahlengiso, akukho kugcinwa, kunye nesakhiwo esibambeneyo. Ngenxa yokuba ii-ion ze-doped ikakhulu zi-Nd+3, Yb+3, Er+3, Tm+3, Ho+3, zonke ezisebenzisa iintsinga zomhlaba ezinqabileyo njengemithombo yeendaba, i-fiber laser ephuhliswe yinkampani nayo inakho. ibizwa ngokuba yilaser yefiber yomhlaba enqabileyo.

Ukusetyenziswa kweLaser: Amandla aphezulu e-ytterbium afakwe i-laser enefayibha ephindwe kabini iye yaba yindawo eshushu kwitekhnoloji yelaser yelizwe eliqinileyo kwihlabathi kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ineenzuzo zomgangatho olungileyo we-beam, ubume be-compact, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuguqulwa, kwaye inethuba elibanzi lokusebenzisa kwi-industry processing kunye nezinye iinkalo. Imicu ephindwe kabini ye-ytterbium efakwe kabini ilungele ukumpompa i-laser ye-semiconductor, kunye nempumelelo ephezulu yokudibanisa kunye namandla aphezulu emveliso yelaser, kwaye zezona ziphambili zophuhliso lweentsinga ze-ytterbium doped. Itekhnoloji yaseTshayina enalaphu ye-ytterbium ye-doped fiber ayisekho kwinqanaba eliphezulu lamazwe angaphandle. I-ytterbium doped fiber, i-double clad ytterbium doped fiber, kunye ne-erbium ytterbium co doped fiber ephuhliswe e-China iye yafikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu leemveliso zangaphandle ezifanayo malunga nokusebenza kunye nokuthembeka, zineenzuzo zeendleko, kwaye zineetekhnoloji ezingundoqo ezinelungelo elilodwa lomenzi weemveliso ezininzi kunye neendlela. .

Inkampani eyaziwayo yehlabathi ye-IPG laser yaseJamani isandula ukubhengeza ukuba inkqubo yabo entsha ye-ytterbium doped fiber laser ineempawu ezibalaseleyo ze-beam, ubomi bempompo obungaphezulu kweeyure ezingama-50000, i-wavelength ephakathi ye-1070nm-1080nm, kunye namandla aphumayo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-20KW. Isetyenziselwe ukuwelda kakuhle, ukusika, kunye nokugrumba amatye.

Izinto zeLaser zingundoqo kunye nesiseko sophuhliso lweteknoloji yelaser. Kusoloko kukho intetho kwishishini le-laser ethi 'isizukulwana esinye sezixhobo, isizukulwana esinye sezixhobo'. Ukuphuhlisa izixhobo eziqhubela phambili nezisebenzayo zelaser, kuyafuneka kuqala ube nezixhobo zelaser ezisebenza kakhulu kwaye udibanise obunye ubuchwephesha obufanelekileyo. I-Ytterbium doped laser crystals kunye neglasi ye-laser, njengamandla amatsha ezinto eziqinileyo zelaser, zikhuthaza uphuhliso lonxibelelwano lwefiber optic kunye netekhnoloji yelaser, ngakumbi kubuchwephesha be-laser obubukhali obufana ne-laser ye-nyukliya ye-fusion yamandla aphezulu, ukubethelwa kwamandla aphezulu. iilaser zethayile, kunye nezixhobo ze-laser ezinamandla kakhulu.

Ukongeza, i-ytterbium ikwasetyenziswa njenge-activator ye-fluorescent powder, iiseramics zikanomathotholo, izongezo zamacandelo ememori yekhompyuter ye-elektroniki (amaqamza amagnetic), kunye nezongezo zeglasi ekhanyayo. Kufuneka kucaciswe ukuba i-yttrium kunye ne-yttrium zimbini izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. Nangona kukho umahluko omkhulu kumagama esiNgesi kunye neesimboli zezinto, ialfabhethi yefonetiki yaseTshayina inamalungu afanayo. Kwezinye iinguqulelo zesiTshayina, i-yttrium ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngempazamo njenge-yttrium. Kule meko, kufuneka silandele isicatshulwa soqobo kwaye sidibanise iisimboli zento ukuqinisekisa.