Terbiumukwinqanaba lemihlaba enzima enqabileyo, enobuninzi obuphantsi kumhlaba ongaphezulu kwi-1.1 ppm kuphela.I-Terbium oxideibalelwa ngaphantsi kwe-0.01% yomhlaba onqabileyo uwonke. Nakuhlobo oluphezulu lwe-yttrium ion uhlobo olunzima olunqabileyo lomhlaba olunomxholo ophezulu we-terbium, umxholo we-terbium ubala kuphela i-1.1-1.2% yetotali iyonke.umhlaba onqabileyo, ebonisa ukuba iphantsi kodidi “lwezidwangube” lweumhlaba onqabileyoizinto. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-100 ukususela ekufumaneni i-terbium ngo-1843, ukunqongophala kwayo kunye nexabiso lithintele ukusetyenziswa kwayo okusebenzayo ixesha elide. Kuphela kule minyaka ingama-30 idlulileyoterbiumibonise italente yayo eyodwa.
Ukufumana iMbali
Usokhemisti waseSweden uCarl Gustaf Mosander wafumanisa i-terbium ngo-1843. Wafumanisa ukungcola kwayoi-yttrium oxidekwayeY2O3. Yttriumithiywe ngelali yase-Itby eSweden. Ngaphambi kokuvela kweteknoloji yokutshintshiselana kwe-ion, i-terbium ayizange yodwa ngendlela ecocekileyo.
UMossander waqala wahlulahlulai-yttrium oxidezibe ziinxalenye ezintathu, zonke zithiywe ngegama lentsimbi:i-yttrium oxide, i-erbium oxide, kwayei-terbium oxide. I-Terbium oxideyayilwa kuqala ngendawo epinki, ngenxa yento eyaziwa ngokuba yiierbium. I-Erbium oxide(kuquka le nto ngoku siyibiza ngokuba yi-terbium) ekuqaleni yayiyinxalenye engenambala kwisisombululo. I-oxide enganyibilikiyo yale elementi ithathwa ngokuba mdaka.
Kamva abasebenzi bakufumanisa kunzima ukubona into encinane engenambala “i-erbium oxide", kodwa inxalenye epinki enyibilikayo ayinakuhoywa. Ingxoxo malunga nobukho bei-erbium oxideiye yavela ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Kwisiphithiphithi, igama lokuqala latshintshwa kwaye ukutshintshiselwa kwamagama kwagxininiswa, ngoko inxalenye yepinki ekugqibeleni yachazwa njengesisombululo esiqulethe i-erbium (kwisisombululo, yayiyipinki). Ngoku kukholelwa ukuba abasebenzi abasebenzisa i-sodium disulfide okanye i-potassium sulfate ukususa i-cerium dioxidei-yttrium oxideujike ungaqondangaterbiumkwi-cerium equlethe imvula. Ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba 'terbium', kuphela malunga ne-1% yoqoboi-yttrium oxideikhona, kodwa oku kwanele ukuthumela umbala omthubi okhanyayoi-yttrium oxide. Ngoko ke,terbiumyinxalenye yesibini ebinayo ekuqaleni, kwaye ilawulwa ngabamelwane bayo abasondeleyo,gadoliniumkwayeidysprosium.
Emva koko, nanini na enyeumhlaba onqabileyoizinto zahlulwa kulo mxube, nokuba ungakanani na umlinganiselo we oxide, igama le terbium lagcinwa de ekugqibeleni, i<em>brown oxideterbiumyafunyanwa ikwimo ecocekileyo. Abaphandi ngenkulungwane ye-19 abazange basebenzise iteknoloji ye-ultraviolet fluorescence ukujonga amaqhuqhuva aqaqambileyo atyheli okanye aluhlaza (III), okwenza kube lula ukuba i-terbium ibonakale kwimixube eqinileyo okanye izisombululo.
Ubume be-electron
Uyilo lombane:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f9
Ulungiselelo lwe-elektroniki lweterbiumyi [Xe] 6s24f9. Ngokwesiqhelo, zithathu kuphela ii-electron ezinokususwa phambi kokuba intlawulo yenyukliya ibe nkulu kakhulu ukuba ingenziwa i-ionized ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, kwimeko yeterbium, isiqingatha sazaliswaterbiumivumela i-ionization eyongezelelweyo ye-electron yesine phambi kwe-oxidant enamandla kakhulu njengegesi ye-fluorine.
Isinyithi
Terbiumyintsimbi yesilivere emhlophe enqabileyo yomhlaba ene-ductility, ukuqina, kunye nokuthamba okunokusikwa ngemela. Indawo yokunyibilika 1360 ℃, indawo yokubilisa 3123 ℃, ingxinano 8229 4kg/m3. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinto zokuqala zelanthanide, izinzile emoyeni. I-elementi yesithoba ye-lanthanide element, i-terbium, yintsimbi etshajiswe kakhulu ethi idibane namanzi yenze igesi ye-hydrogen.
Kwindalo,terbiumayizange ifunyanwe iyinto ekhululekile, ekhoyo kwixabiso elincinci kwi-phosphorous cerium thorium sand kunye ne-silicon beryllium yttrium ore.TerbiumIhlala kunye nezinye izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kwisanti ye-monazite, kunye nomxholo we-terbium we-0.03% gabalala. Eminye imithombo iquka i-yttrium phosphate kunye negolide yomhlaba enqabileyo, zombini ziyimixube yeeoxides eziqulethe ukuya kwi-1% yeterbium.
Isicelo
Ukusetyenziswa kweterbiumubukhulu becala ibandakanya imimandla yobugcisa obuphezulu, obunzulu bobugcisa kunye neeprojekthi ezihlaba ikhwelo lolwazi olunzulu, kwakunye neeprojekthi ezineenzuzo ezibalulekileyo zoqoqosho, ezinamathemba ophuhliso anomtsalane.
Ezona ndawo zezicelo zibandakanya:
(1) Ukusetyenziswa kwimo yomhlaba oxubeneyo onqabileyo. Umzekelo, isetyenziswa njengesichumiso esinqabileyo somhlaba kunye nesongezo sokutya kwezolimo.
(2) I-activator yomgubo oluhlaza kwiipowder ezintathu eziphambili ze-fluorescent. Izinto zale mihla ze-optoelectronic zifuna ukusetyenziswa kwemibala emithathu esisiseko yephosphors, eyile, ebomvu, eluhlaza, nebhlowu, enokusetyenziselwa ukwenza imibala eyahlukeneyo. Kwayeterbiumlicandelo eliyimfuneko kwiipowder ezininzi ezikumgangatho ophezulu eziluhlaza.
(3) Isetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokugcina imagneto. I-amorphous metal terbium transition metal alloy films ezicekethekileyo zisetyenzisiwe ukwenza iidiskhi zemagneto optical ezisebenza kakhulu.
(4) Ukuvelisa iglasi yemagnethi yamehlo. Iglasi yeFaraday ejikelezayo equlethe i-terbium yinto ephambili yokuvelisa ii-rotators, i-isolator, kunye nee-circulators kwi-teknoloji ye-laser.
(5) Uphuhliso kunye nophuhliso lwe-terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy (TerFenol) luvule izicelo ezitsha ze-terbium.
Kwezolimo nemfuyo
Umhlaba onqabileyoterbiuminokuphucula umgangatho wezityalo kwaye inyuse izinga lephotosynthesis phakathi koluhlu oluthile loxinaniso. I-complexes ye-terbium inomsebenzi ophezulu we-biological, kunye ne-ternary complexesterbium, Tb (Ala) 3BenIm (ClO4) 3-3H2O, ibe nemiphumo emihle yokulwa ne-antibacterial kunye ne-bactericidal kwi-Staphylococcus aureus, i-Bacillus subtilis, kunye ne-Escherichia coli, eneepropati ze-antibacterial ezibanzi. Uphononongo lwezi zikhompleksi lubonelela ngomkhombandlela omtsha wophando kumachiza ale mihla abulala iintsholongwane.
Isetyenziswe kwintsimi ye-luminescence
Izinto zale mihla ze-optoelectronic zifuna ukusetyenziswa kwemibala emithathu esisiseko yephosphors, eyile, ebomvu, eluhlaza, nebhlowu, enokusetyenziselwa ukwenza imibala eyahlukeneyo. Kwaye i-terbium licandelo eliyimfuneko kwiipowder ezininzi ezikumgangatho ophezulu eziluhlaza. Ukuba ukuzalwa kombala womhlaba onqabileyo we-TV umgubo obomvu we-fluorescent uye wavuselela imfunoiyttriumkwayeubuchopho, ke ukusetyenziswa kunye nophuhliso terbium ziye zakhuthazwa umhlaba ezinqabileyo ezintathu umbala oluhlaza umgubo fluorescent for izibane. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1980, uPhilips wayila isibane sokuqala sefluorescent esihlangeneyo sokuqala kwihlabathi kwaye wasinyusa ngokukhawuleza kwihlabathi jikelele. I-Tb3+ion inokukhupha ukukhanya okuluhlaza kunye nobude obungama-545nm, kwaye phantse zonke ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezisetyenziswa ngumgubo wefluorescent oluhlaza.terbium, njenge activator.
Umgubo oluhlaza osetyenzisiweyo we-TV we-cathode ray tubes (CRTs) usoloko usekelwe kwi-sulfide ye-zinc ephantsi kunye nesebenzayo, kodwa i-terbium powder ibisoloko isetyenziswa njengombala we-TV ye-powder eluhlaza, njenge-Y2SiO5: Tb3 +, Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, kunye neLaOBr: Tb3+. Ngokuphuhliswa kwesikrini esikhulu se-high-definition kamabonakude (i-HDTV), i-powder eluhlaza ye-fluorescent ephezulu yokusebenza ye-CRT nayo iyaphuhliswa. Ngokomzekelo, i-powder hybrid green fluorescent iye yaphuhliswa ngaphandle, equka i-Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3 +, LaOCl: Tb3 +, kunye ne-Y2SiO5: Tb3 +, ene-luminescence egqwesileyo kwi-high density yangoku.
I-X-ray fluorescent powder yesiko yi-calcium tungstate. Ngeminyaka yoo-1970 kunye no-1980, umgubo onqabileyo we-fluorescent womhlaba kwizikrini zokwazisa zaphuhliswa, njenge.terbium,i-lanthanum sulfide oxide esebenzayo, i-terbium isebenze i-lanthanum bromide oxide (yezikrini eziluhlaza), kunye ne-terbium isebenze i-yttrium sulfide oxide. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-calcium tungstate, i-powder fluorescent enqabileyo yomhlaba inokunciphisa ixesha le-X-ray irradiation kwizigulane nge-80%, ukuphucula isisombululo seefilimu ze-X-ray, ukwandisa ixesha lokuphila kwee-tubes ze-X-ray, kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. I-Terbium iphinda isetyenziswe njenge-activator ye-fluorescent powder kwizikrini zokuphucula i-X-ray, enokuphucula kakhulu uvakalelo lwe-X-ray yokuguqulwa kwimifanekiso ebonakalayo, ukuphucula ukucaca kweefilimu ze-X-ray, kunye nokunciphisa kakhulu idosi yokuvezwa kwe-X- imitha emzimbeni womntu (ngaphezu kwama-50%).
TerbiumIkwasetyenziswa njenge activator kwi-LED emhlophe phosphor echulumancile kukukhanya okuluhlaza kokukhanya okutsha kwe-semiconductor. Ingasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-terbium aluminium magneto optical crystal phosphors, isebenzisa i-blue light etting diode njengemithombo yokukhanya yovuselelo, kunye ne-fluorescence eveliswayo ixutywe nokukhanya okuvuyisayo ukuvelisa ukukhanya okumhlophe okumsulwa.
Izinto ze-electroluminescent ezenziwe kwi-terbium ikakhulu ziquka i-zinc sulfide eluhlaza umgubo wefluorescent kunyeterbiumnjenge activator. Ngaphantsi kwemisebe ye-ultraviolet, i-organic complexes ye-terbium inokukhupha i-fluorescence eluhlaza eyomeleleyo kwaye inokusetyenziswa njengefilimu ebhityileyo yezixhobo ze-electroluminescent. Nangona inkqubela ebonakalayo yenziwe kwisifundo seumhlaba onqabileyoorganic entsonkothileyo electroluminescent bhanyabhanya obhityileyo, kusekho umsantsa ethile ukusuka practical, kunye nophando emhlabeni ezinqabileyo bhanyabhanya organic entsonkothileyo electroluminescent obhityileyo kunye nezixhobo nangoku kubunzulu.
Iimpawu ze-fluorescence ze-terbium zikwasetyenziswa njenge-fluorescence probes. Intsebenziswano phakathi kwe-ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) entsonkothileyo kunye ne-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) yaphononongwa kusetyenziswa i-fluorescence kunye ne-spectra yokufunxa, efana ne-fluorescence probe ye-ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+). Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba i-ofloxacin Tb3+probe inokwenza igroove ebopha iimolekyuli ze-DNA, kwaye i-deoxyribonucleic acid inokuphucula kakhulu i-fluorescence ye-ofloxacin Tb3+system. Ngokusekelwe kolu tshintsho, i-deoxyribonucleic acid inokumiselwa.
Kwiimathiriyeli zemagneto optical
Izixhobo ezineFaraday effect, ekwabizwa ngokuba yimagneto-optical materials, zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiilaser kunye nezinye izixhobo zamehlo. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini eziqhelekileyo zezixhobo zemagneto optical: iikristale zemagneto optical kunye negilasi yemagneto optical. Phakathi kwazo, iikristale ze-magneto-optical (ezifana ne-yttrium iron garnet kunye ne-terbium gallium garnet) zineenzuzo zokuguquguquka okusebenzayo kunye nokuzinza okuphezulu kwe-thermal, kodwa zibiza kwaye kunzima ukwenza. Ukongeza, iikristale ezininzi zemagneto-optical ezineengile ezijikelezayo zeFaraday zinokufunxa okuphezulu kuluhlu olufutshane lwamaza, olunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwazo. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-magneto optical crystals, i-magneto optical glass ine-advanteji yokuhanjiswa okuphezulu kwaye kulula ukuba yenziwe ibe ziibhloko ezinkulu okanye iifiber. Okwangoku, iiglasi zemagneto-optical ezinefuthe eliphezulu leFaraday ikakhulu zinqabile iindondo ze-ion doped earth.
Isetyenziselwa ukugcinwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo zemagneto
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngophuhliso olukhawulezayo lwe-multimedia kunye ne-automation ye-ofisi, imfuno entsha yeediski ezinomthamo ophezulu iye yanda. Amorphous metal terbium transition metal ialloy films ezibhityileyo zisetyenziselwe ukuvelisa iidiskhi zemagneto optical ezisebenza kakhulu. Phakathi kwabo, ifilimu ye-TbFeCo ye-alloy encinci inokusebenza kakuhle. I-Terbium esekelwe kwi-magneto-optical materials iye yaveliswa kwinqanaba elikhulu, kwaye iidiski ze-magneto-optical ezenziwe kuzo zisetyenziswa njengamacandelo okugcinwa kwekhompyutheni, kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla kwanda ngamaxesha angama-10-15. Zineenzuzo zomthamo omkhulu kunye nesantya sokufikelela ngokukhawuleza, kwaye zinokusulwa kwaye zigqunywe amashumi amawaka amaxesha xa zisetyenziselwa ukuxinana okuphezulu kweediski zamehlo. Zizinto ezibalulekileyo kwiteknoloji yokugcina ulwazi lwe-elektroniki. Eyona nto isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo i-magneto-optical material kwi-band ebonakalayo kunye ne-infrared-infrared bands yi-Terbium Gallium Garnet (TGG) i-crystal eyodwa, eyona nto ingcono kakhulu ye-magneto-optical material yokwenza i-Faraday rotators kunye ne-isolator.
Kwiglasi yemagnethi yamehlo
I-Faraday magneto optical glass ine-transparency elungileyo kunye ne-isotropy kwimimandla ebonakalayo kunye ne-infrared, kwaye inokwenza iimilo ezahlukeneyo ezinzima. Kulula ukuvelisa iimveliso ezinobungakanani obukhulu kwaye inokutsalwa kwiifiber ezibonakalayo. Ke ngoko, inamathemba osetyenziso olubanzi kwizixhobo zemagneto optical ezifana nemagneto optical isolator, imagneto optical modulators, kunye nefiber optic sensors yangoku. Ngenxa yomzuzu wayo omkhulu wemagnethi kunye ne-coefficient encinci yokufunxa kuluhlu olubonakalayo kunye ne-infrared, i-Tb3 + ion sele isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ii-ion zomhlaba kwiiglasi zemagneto optical.
Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive ingxubevange
Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, kunye nokuqhubekela phambili kwenguqu yeteknoloji yehlabathi, izixhobo ezitsha zokusetyenziswa komhlaba ezinqabileyo zazivela ngokukhawuleza. Ngo-1984, iYunivesithi yase-Iowa State, i-Ames Laboratory yeSebe lezaMandla lase-US, kunye neZiko loPhando lweSikhali se-US Navy Surface Weapons (apho abasebenzi abaphambili be-Edge Technology Corporation (ET REMA) eyasungulwa kamva) basebenzisana nokuphuhlisa inqabileyo entsha. izinto ezikrelekrele zomhlaba, ezizezi terbium dysprosium ferromagnetic magnetostrictive imathiriyeli. Esi sixhobo esitsha esikrelekrele sineempawu ezibalaseleyo zokuguqula ngokukhawuleza amandla ombane kumandla oomatshini. Ii-transducers ezingaphantsi kwamanzi kunye ne-electro-acoustic ezenziwe ngolu hlobo lwe-magnetostrictive giant ziye zamiselwa ngempumelelo kwizixhobo ze-naval, izithethi zokubona kakuhle i-oyile, iinkqubo zokulawula ingxolo kunye ne-vibration, kunye nokuhlola ulwandle kunye neenkqubo zonxibelelwano eziphantsi komhlaba. Ke ngoko, yakuba nje i-terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive imathiriyeli yazalwa, yafumana ingqwalasela ebanzi evela kumazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho kwihlabathi liphela. I-Edge Technologies e-United States yaqala ukuvelisa i-terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive materials ngo-1989 yaza yayithiya igama elithi Terfenol D. Emva koko, iSweden, iJapan, iRashiya, iUnited Kingdom, kunye ne-Australia nazo zavelisa i-terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive materials.
Ukususela kwimbali yokuphuhliswa kwesi sixhobo e-United States, zombini ukuveliswa kwezinto kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwangaphambili kwe-monopolistic kuhambelana ngokuthe ngqo noshishino lwezomkhosi (ezifana ne-navy). Nangona amasebe omkhosi waseTshayina kunye nokhuselo ngokuthe ngcembe asomeleza ukuqonda kwabo kwesi sixhobo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokonyuso olubalulekileyo lwamandla elizwe laseTshayina eliphangaleleyo, imfuno yokuphumeza isicwangciso-qhinga sokukhuphisana nomkhosi wenkulungwane yama-21 kunye nokuphucula amanqanaba ezixhobo ngokuqinisekileyo iya kungxamiseka kakhulu. Ke ngoko, ukusetyenziswa okuxhaphakileyo kwe-terbium dysprosium yentsimbi enkulu ye-magnetostrictive imathiriyeli ngamasebe omkhosi kunye nelizwe lokhuselo iya kuba yimfuneko yembali.
Ngamafutshane, ezininzi iimpawu ezibalaseleyo zeterbiumyenze ukuba ibe lilungu eliyimfuneko lezinto ezininzi ezisebenzayo kunye nesikhundla esingenakuthathelwa indawo kwezinye iindawo zesicelo. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yexabiso eliphezulu le-terbium, abantu bebefunda indlela yokuphepha kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-terbium ukwenzela ukunciphisa iindleko zemveliso. Umzekelo, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zemagneto-optical kufuneka zisebenzise ixabiso eliphantsiDysprosium ironcobalt okanye gadolinium terbium cobalt kangangoko kunokwenzeka; Zama ukunciphisa umxholo we-terbium kwi-powder fluorescent eluhlaza ekufuneka isetyenziswe. Ixabiso libe yinto ebalulekileyo ethintela ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kweterbium. Kodwa izinto ezininzi ezisebenzayo azikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwayo, ngoko kufuneka sibambelele kumgaqo "wokusebenzisa isinyithi esihle kwi-blade" kwaye sizame ukugcina ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi.terbiumngokukhawuleza ngokungxamisekile.
Ixesha lokuposa: Oct-25-2023