Terbiumyodidi lobunzimaimihlaba enqabileyo, kunye nobuninzi obuphantsi kwi-crust Earth kwi-1.1 ppm kuphela. I-Terbium oxide ibalelwa ngaphantsi kwe-0.01% yomhlaba onqabileyo uwonke. Nakuhlobo lwe-yttrium ion ephezulu enzima enqabileyo yomhlaba enomxholo ophezulu we-terbium, umxholo we-terbium ubalela kuphela i-1.1-1.2% yomhlaba onqabileyo uwonke, obonisa ukuba uyinxalenye yodidi "oluhloniphekileyo" lwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-100 ukususela ekufumaneni i-terbium ngo-1843, ukunqongophala kwayo kunye nexabiso lithintele ukusetyenziswa kwayo okusebenzayo ixesha elide. Kuphela kwiminyaka engama-30 edlulileyo apho i-terbium ibonise italente yayo ekhethekileyo.
Ukufumana iMbali
Usokhemisti waseSweden uCarl Gustaf Mosander wafumanisa i-terbium ngo-1843.Yttrium(III) oxidekwayeY2O3. IYttrium ithiywe ngegama lelali yaseYtterby eSweden. Ngaphambi kokuvela kweteknoloji yokutshintshiselana kwe-ion, i-terbium ayizange yodwa ngendlela ecocekileyo.
I-Mosant yaqala yahlulahlula i-Yttrium(III) oxide yangamacandelo amathathu, onke athiywe ngegama lentsimbi: Yttrium(III) oxide,I-Erbium(III) oxide, kunye ne-terbium oxide. I-Terbium oxide ekuqaleni yayiyilwe yinxalenye epinki, ngenxa yento ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yi-erbium. “I-Erbium(III) oxide” (kuquka le nto ngoku siyibiza ngokuba yi-terbium) ekuqaleni yayiyeyona ndawo ingenambala kwisisombululo. I-oxide enganyibilikiyo yale elementi ithathwa ngokuba mdaka.
Kamva abasebenzi babengakwazi ukujonga i-oxyde encinci engenambala "Erbium (III) oxide", kodwa inxalenye epinki enyibilikayo ayinakuhoywa. Iingxoxo malunga nobukho be-Erbium(III) oxide ziye zavela ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Kwisiphithiphithi, igama lokuqala latshintshwa kwaye ukutshintshiselwa kwamagama kwagxininiswa, ngoko inxalenye yepinki ekugqibeleni yachazwa njengesisombululo esiqulethe i-erbium (kwisisombululo, yayiyipinki). Ngoku kukholelwa ukuba abasebenzi abasebenzisa i-sodium bisulfate okanye i-Potassium sulfate bathathaI-Cerium (IV) i-oxidengaphandle kwe-Yttrium(III) oxide kwaye ngokungeyomfuneko ujike i-terbium ibe yintlenga equlethe i-cerium. Kuphela malunga ne-1% ye-Yttrium (III) oxide yoqobo, ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yi "terbium", eyanele ukugqithisa umbala otyheli kwi-Yttrium (III) oxide. Ke ngoko, i-terbium yinxalenye yesibini eyayiqulethwe ekuqaleni, kwaye ilawulwa ngabamelwane bayo abasondeleyo, i-gadolinium kunye ne-dysprosium.
Emva koko, nanini na ezinye iziqalelo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zahlulwa kulo mxube, kungakhathaliseki ubungakanani be<em>oxide, igama le<em>terbium laligcinwa de ekugqibeleni, i<em>oxide emdaka ye<em>terbium yafunyanwa ikwimo esulungekileyo. Abaphandi ngenkulungwane ye-19 abazange basebenzise iteknoloji ye-ultraviolet fluorescence ukujonga amaqhuqhuva aqaqambileyo atyheli okanye aluhlaza (III), okwenza kube lula ukuba i-terbium ibonakale kwimixube eqinileyo okanye izisombululo.
Ubume be-electron
Ubume be-electron:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f9
Ubumbeko lwe-Electron ye-terbium yi [Xe] 6s24f9. Ngokwesiqhelo, zithathu kuphela ii-electron ezinokususwa phambi kokuba intlawulo yenyukliya ibe nkulu kakhulu ukuba ingaphinda yenziwe i-ionized, kodwa kwimeko ye-terbium, i-semi ezaliswe yi-terbium ivumela i-electron yesine ukuba ifakwe i-ionized ngakumbi kubukho bee-oxidants ezomeleleyo ezifana negesi ye-fluorine.
I-Terbium yintsimbi yesilivere emhlophe enqabileyo yomhlaba ene-ductility, ukuqina, kunye nokuthamba okunokusikwa ngemela. Indawo yokunyibilika 1360 ℃, indawo yokubilisa 3123 ℃, ingxinano 8229 4kg/m3. Xa kuthelekiswa neLanthanide yokuqala, izinzile emoyeni. Njengento yesithoba yeLanthanide, i-terbium yintsimbi enombane onamandla. Idibana namanzi yenze ihydrogen.
Ngokwendalo, i-terbium ayizange ifunyanwe yinto ekhululekile, inani elincinci elikhoyo kwisanti ye-phosphocerium thorium kunye neGadolinite. I-Terbium ihlala kunye nezinye izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kwisanti ye-monazite, kunye nomxholo we-terbium we-0.03% ngokubanzi. Eminye imithombo yiXenotime kunye neentsimbi ezinqabileyo ezimnyama zegolide, zombini ziyimixube yeeoxides kwaye ziqulathe ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1% yeterbium.
Isicelo
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-terbium ubukhulu becala kubandakanya imimandla yobugcisa obuphezulu, obunzulu bobuchwepheshe kunye neeprojekthi ezikumgangatho ophantsi wolwazi, kunye neeprojekthi ezineenzuzo ezibalulekileyo zoqoqosho, ezinamathemba ophuhliso anomtsalane.
Ezona ndawo zezicelo zibandakanya:
(1) Ukusetyenziswa kwimo yomhlaba oxubeneyo onqabileyo. Umzekelo, isetyenziswa njengesichumiso esinqabileyo somhlaba kunye nesongezo sokutya kwezolimo.
(2) I-activator yomgubo oluhlaza kwiipowder ezintathu eziphambili ze-fluorescent. Izinto zale mihla ze-optoelectronic zifuna ukusetyenziswa kwemibala emithathu esisiseko yephosphors, eyile, ebomvu, eluhlaza, nebhlowu, enokusetyenziselwa ukwenza imibala eyahlukeneyo. Kwaye i-terbium licandelo eliyimfuneko kwiipowder ezininzi ezikumgangatho ophezulu eziluhlaza.
(3) Isetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokugcina imagneto. I-amorphous metal terbium transition metal alloy films ezincinci zisetyenzisiwe ukwenza iidiskhi zemagneto-optical ezisebenza kakhulu.
(4) Ukuvelisa iglasi yemagnethi yamehlo. Iglasi yeFaraday ejikelezayo equlethe i-terbium yinto ephambili yokuvelisa ii-rotators, i-isolator, kunye nee-circulators kwi-teknoloji ye-laser.
(5) Uphuhliso kunye nophuhliso lwe-terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy (TerFenol) luvule izicelo ezitsha ze-terbium.
Kwezolimo nemfuyo
I-earth terbium enqabileyo inokuphucula umgangatho wezityalo kwaye inyuse isantya sephotosynthesis phakathi koluhlu oluthile loxinaniso. I-Terbium complexes inomsebenzi ophezulu webhayoloji. I-Ternary complexes ye-terbium, i-Tb (Ala) 3BenIm (ClO4) 3 · 3H2O, ineempembelelo ezintle ze-antibacterial kunye ne-bactericidal kwi-Staphylococcus aureus, i-Bacillus subtilis kunye ne-Escherichia coli. Zine-antibacterial spectrum ebanzi. Uphononongo lwezo zakhiwo lubonelela ngomkhombandlela omtsha wophando kumachiza ale mihla ekubulala iintsholongwane.
Isetyenziswe kwintsimi ye-luminescence
Izinto zale mihla ze-optoelectronic zifuna ukusetyenziswa kwemibala emithathu esisiseko yephosphors, eyile, ebomvu, eluhlaza, nebhlowu, enokusetyenziselwa ukwenza imibala eyahlukeneyo. Kwaye i-terbium licandelo eliyimfuneko kwiipowder ezininzi ezikumgangatho ophezulu eziluhlaza. Ukuba ukuzalwa kombala onqabileyo womhlaba we-TV obomvu we-fluorescent powder uye wavuselela imfuno ye-yttrium kunye ne-europium, ngoko ke ukusetyenziswa kunye nokuphuhliswa kwe-terbium kuye kwakhuthazwa ngumhlaba onqabileyo wemibala emithathu ephambili ye-powder fluorescent eluhlaza kwizibane. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1980, uPhilips wayila isibane sokuqala sefluorescent esihlangeneyo sokuqala kwihlabathi kwaye wasinyusa ngokukhawuleza kwihlabathi jikelele. I-Tb3 + ion zinokukhupha ukukhanya okuluhlaza kunye nobude obungama-545nm, kwaye phantse zonke iiphosphors ezinqabileyo zomhlaba eziluhlaza zisebenzisa i-terbium njenge-activator.
I-phosphor eluhlaza yombala we-TV ye-cathode ray tube (CRT) isoloko isekelwe kwi-Zinc sulfide, engabizi kwaye isebenzayo, kodwa i-terbium powder isoloko isetyenziswa njenge-phosphor eluhlaza kwi-projection color color, kubandakanywa ne-Y2SiO5 ∶ Tb3 +, Y3 ( Al, Ga) 5O12 ∶ Tb3+kunye neLaOBr ∶ Tb3+. Ngokuphuhliswa kwesikrini esikhulu se-high-definition kamabonakude (i-HDTV), i-powder eluhlaza ye-fluorescent ephezulu yokusebenza ye-CRT nayo iyaphuhliswa. Ngokomzekelo, i-powder hybrid green fluorescent iye yaphuhliswa ngaphandle, equka i-Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3 +, LaOCl: Tb3 +, kunye ne-Y2SiO5: Tb3 +, ene-luminescence egqwesileyo kwi-high density yangoku.
I-X-ray fluorescent powder yesiko yi-calcium tungstate. Kwiminyaka ye-1970 kunye ne-1980, i-phosphors yomhlaba enqabileyo yokuqinisa izikrini zaphuhliswa, ezifana ne-terbium esebenzayo isulfure iLanthanum oxide, i-terbium esebenzayo i-bromine Lanthanum oxide (yezikrini eziluhlaza), i-terbium isebenze isulfure Yttrium (III) oxide, njl. umhlaba onqabileyo umgubo wefluorescent unokunciphisa ixesha le I-X-ray irradiation yezigulane nge-80%, iphucula isisombululo seefilimu ze-X-ray, ukwandisa ixesha lokuphila kweetyhubhu ze-X-ray, kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. I-Terbium iphinda isetyenziswe njenge-activator ye-fluorescent powder kwizikrini zokuphucula i-X-ray, enokuphucula kakhulu uvakalelo lwe-X-ray yokuguqulwa kwimifanekiso ebonakalayo, ukuphucula ukucaca kweefilimu ze-X-ray, kunye nokunciphisa kakhulu idosi yokuvezwa kwe-X- imitha emzimbeni womntu (ngaphezu kwama-50%).
I-Terbium ikwasetyenziswa njenge-activator kwi-phosphor emhlophe ye-LED evuyiswa kukukhanya okuluhlaza kokukhanya okutsha kwe-semiconductor. Ingasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-terbium aluminium magneto optical crystal phosphors, isebenzisa i-blue light etting diode njengemithombo yokukhanya yokuvuselela, kunye ne-fluorescence eveliswayo ixutywe kunye nokukhanya okukhuphayo ukuvelisa ukukhanya okumhlophe okucocekileyo.
Izinto ze-electroluminescent ezenziwe nge-terbium ikakhulu ziquka i-Zinc sulfide eluhlaza phosphor kunye ne-terbium njenge-activator. Ngaphantsi kwemisebe ye-ultraviolet, i-organic complexes ye-terbium inokukhupha i-fluorescence eluhlaza eyomeleleyo kwaye inokusetyenziswa njengefilimu ebhityileyo yezixhobo ze-electroluminescent. Nangona inkqubela ebonakalayo yenziwe kuphononongo lweefilimu ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezintsonkothileyo ze-electroluminescent, kusekho umsantsa othile ovela kwi-practical, kwaye uphando malunga neefilimu ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ze-electroluminescent kunye nezixhobo zisebunzulu.
Iimpawu ze-fluorescence ze-terbium zikwasetyenziswa njenge-fluorescence probes. Umzekelo, i-Ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) fluorescence probe yasetyenziselwa ukufunda intsebenziswano phakathi kwe-Ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) complex kunye ne-DNA (DNA) nge-fluorescence spectrum kunye ne-absorption spectrum, ebonisa ukuba i-Ofloxacin Tb3+ probe inokwenza imolekyuli edibanisa i-groove kunye ne-DNA. kunye ne-DNA inokunyusa kakhulu i-fluorescence ye Inkqubo ye-Ofloxacin Tb3 +. Ngokusekelwe kolu tshintsho, i-DNA inokumiselwa.
Kwiimathiriyeli zemagneto optical
Izixhobo ezineFaraday effect, ekwabizwa ngokuba yimagneto-optical materials, zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiilaser kunye nezinye izixhobo zamehlo. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini eziqhelekileyo zezixhobo zemagneto optical: iikristale zemagneto optical kunye negilasi yemagneto optical. Phakathi kwazo, iikristale ze-magneto-optical (ezifana ne-Yttrium iron garnet kunye ne-terbium gallium garnet) zineenzuzo ze- frequency yokusebenza ehlengahlengiswayo kunye nokuzinza okuphezulu kwe-thermal, kodwa zibiza kwaye kunzima ukwenza. Ukongezelela, ezininzi iikristale zemagneto-optical ezine-angle yokujikeleza ye-Faraday ephezulu inokufunxeka okuphezulu kuluhlu lwamaza amafutshane, olunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwabo. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-magneto optical crystals, i-magneto optical glass ine-advanteji yokuhanjiswa okuphezulu kwaye kulula ukuba yenziwe ibe ziibhloko ezinkulu okanye iifiber. Okwangoku, iiglasi zemagneto-optical ezinefuthe eliphezulu leFaraday ikakhulu zinqabile iindondo ze-ion doped earth.
Isetyenziselwa ukugcinwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo zemagneto
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngophuhliso olukhawulezayo lwe-multimedia kunye ne-automation ye-ofisi, imfuno entsha yeediski ezinomthamo ophezulu iye yanda. Iifilimu ze-amorphous metal terbium transition metal alloy zisetyenzisiwe ukwenza iidiski zemagneto-optical ezisebenza kakhulu. Phakathi kwabo, ifilimu ye-TbFeCo ye-alloy encinci inokusebenza kakuhle. I-Terbium esekelwe kwi-magneto-optical materials iye yaveliswa kwinqanaba elikhulu, kwaye iidiski ze-magneto-optical ezenziwe kuzo zisetyenziswa njengamacandelo okugcinwa kwekhompyutheni, kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla kwanda ngamaxesha angama-10-15. Zineenzuzo zomthamo omkhulu kunye nesantya sokufikelela ngokukhawuleza, kwaye zinokusulwa kwaye zigqunywe amashumi amawaka amaxesha xa zisetyenziselwa ukuxinana okuphezulu kweediski zamehlo. Zizinto ezibalulekileyo kwiteknoloji yokugcina ulwazi lwe-elektroniki. Eyona nto isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo i-magneto-optical material kwi-band ebonakalayo kunye ne-infrared-infrared bands yi-Terbium Gallium Garnet (TGG) i-crystal eyodwa, eyona nto ingcono kakhulu ye-magneto-optical material yokwenza i-Faraday rotators kunye ne-isolator.
Kwiglasi yemagnethi yamehlo
I-Faraday magneto optical glass ine-transparency elungileyo kunye ne-isotropy kwimimandla ebonakalayo kunye ne-infrared, kwaye inokwenza iimilo ezahlukeneyo ezinzima. Kulula ukuvelisa iimveliso ezinobungakanani obukhulu kwaye inokutsalwa kwiifiber ezibonakalayo. Ke ngoko, inamathemba osetyenziso olubanzi kwizixhobo zemagneto optical ezifana nemagneto optical isolator, imagneto optical modulators, kunye nefiber optic sensors yangoku. Ngenxa yomzuzu wayo omkhulu wemagnethi kunye ne-coefficient encinci yokufunxa kuluhlu olubonakalayo kunye ne-infrared, i-Tb3 + ion sele isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ii-ion zomhlaba kwiiglasi zemagneto optical.
Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive ingxubevange
Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, kunye nokwanda kwenguqu kwezenzululwazi kunye nethekhnoloji yehlabathi, umhlaba omtsha onqabileyo oFakelwe i-Applied Materials zivela ngokukhawuleza. Ngo-1984, iYunivesithi yase-Iowa State yase-United States, i-Ames Laboratory yeSebe lezaMandla lase-United States kunye neZiko loPhando lwezixhobo ze-US Navy Surface Weapons (abasebenzi abaphambili be-American Edge Technology Company (ET REMA) eyasekwa kamva. iziko) ngokudibeneyo baphuhlise imathiriyeli entsha enqabileyo yomhlaba, ebizwa ngokuba yi-terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive material. Le nto intsha ye-Smart ineempawu ezibalaseleyo zokuguqula ngokukhawuleza amandla ombane kumandla oomatshini. Ii-transducers ezingaphantsi kwamanzi kunye ne-electro-acoustic ezenziwe ngolu hlobo lwe-magnetostrictive giant ziye zamiselwa ngempumelelo kwizixhobo ze-naval, izithethi zokubona kakuhle i-oyile, iinkqubo zokulawula ingxolo kunye ne-vibration, kunye nokuhlola ulwandle kunye neenkqubo zonxibelelwano eziphantsi komhlaba. Ke ngoko, yakuba nje i-terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive imathiriyeli yazalwa, yafumana ingqwalasela ebanzi evela kumazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho kwihlabathi liphela. I-Edge Technologies e-United States yaqala ukuvelisa i-terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive materials ngo-1989 yaza yayithiya igama elithi Terfenol D. Emva koko, iSweden, iJapan, iRashiya, iUnited Kingdom, kunye ne-Australia nazo zavelisa i-terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive materials.
Ukususela kwimbali yokuphuhliswa kwesi sixhobo e-United States, zombini ukuveliswa kwezinto kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwangaphambili kwe-monopolistic kuhambelana ngokuthe ngqo noshishino lwezomkhosi (ezifana ne-navy). Nangona amasebe omkhosi waseTshayina kunye nokhuselo ngokuthe ngcembe asomeleza ukuqonda kwabo kwesi sixhobo. Nangona kunjalo, emva kokuba i-China Comprehensive National Power iye yanda kakhulu, iimfuno zokuqonda iqhinga lokhuphiswano lomkhosi kwinkulungwane yama-21 kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wezixhobo ngokuqinisekileyo ziya kungxamiseka kakhulu. Ke ngoko, ukusetyenziswa okuxhaphakileyo kwe-terbium dysprosium yentsimbi enkulu ye-magnetostrictive imathiriyeli ngamasebe omkhosi kunye nelizwe lokhuselo iya kuba yimfuneko yembali.
Ngokufutshane, iipropathi ezininzi ezigqwesileyo ze-terbium ziyenza ibe lilungu eliyimfuneko lezinto ezininzi ezisebenzayo kunye nesikhundla esingenakubuyiselwa kwezinye iindawo zesicelo. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yexabiso eliphezulu le-terbium, abantu bebefunda indlela yokuphepha kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-terbium ukwenzela ukunciphisa iindleko zemveliso. Umzekelo, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zemagneto-optical kufuneka zisebenzise ixabiso eliphantsi le-dysprosium iron cobalt okanye i-gadolinium terbium cobalt kangangoko kunokwenzeka; Zama ukunciphisa umxholo we-terbium kwi-powder fluorescent eluhlaza ekufuneka isetyenziswe. Ixabiso libe yinto ebalulekileyo ethintela ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwe-terbium. Kodwa izinto ezininzi ezisebenzayo azikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwayo, ngoko kufuneka sibambelele kumgaqo "wokusebenzisa insimbi efanelekileyo kwi-blade" kwaye uzame ukugcina ukusetyenziswa kwe-terbium kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jul-05-2023