I-Terbiumyeyokudidi olunzimaumhlaba onqabileyo, ngentabalala esezantsi kumhlaba ophantsi komhlaba kwi-1.1 ye-PPM kuphela. I-Terbim Oxide I-akhawunti engaphantsi kwe-0.01% yehlabathi liphela. Nokuba kwi-teide ye-teride ion yohlobo olunqabileyo lomhlaba onqabileyo olona nqanaba luphezulu lweTerbium, i-Terbim kuphela inika i-1.1-1.2% yomhlaba onqabileyo womhlaba onqabileyo, obonakalisa udidi lwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka eli-100 ukususela ekufumaneni kweTerbium ngo-1843, ukunqongophala kunye nexabiso likuthintele isicelo sayo ixesha elide. Kule minyaka ingama-30 idlulileyo ukuba i-Terbium ibonakalise italente yayo eyahlukileyo.
Ukufumanisa imbali
ISweden Chemist Carl Gall Gustaf Mousander yafumana i-terbium ngo-1843. Wafumana ukungcola kwayoYttrium (iii) oxidekwayeY2o3. Ittrium ibizwa ngegama lelali yaseYetterby eSweden. Ngaphambi kokuvela kwetekhnoloji ye-IEON, i-Terbium yayingazange idityaniswe kwifom yayo ecocekileyo.
I-Mosant yokuqala yahlula-hlula i-yttrium (III) i-oxide ibe ngamacandelo amathathu, yonke into ebizwa ngokuba yi-ORES: YTTRIUM (III) OXA,I-Erbium (III) i-oxide, kunye ne-terbium oxide. I-Terbim Oxide yayiqala inxalenye ye-pink, ngenxa yento eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Erbium. "I-Erbbium (III) I-oxide" (kubandakanya into esiyibiza ngokuba yiTerbium) yayiyinxalenye engenamibala kwisisombululo. I-InsubleX Axidey yeli nqaku ithathwa njenge-brown.
Abasebenzi kamva abanakukwazi ukujonga "i-erbium encinci ye-erbium (III), kodwa i-pink inyibilikisi ayinakutyeshelwa. Iingxoxo-mpikiswano malunga nobukho be-Erbium (iii) i-oxide i-aide iphindaphindwe kaninzi. Kwisiphithiphithi, igama lentsusa labuyiselwa umva kwaye ukutshintshiselana ngamagama lalibambekile, ke le nxalenye ipinki ekugqibeleni yakhankanywa njengesisombululo esine-erbium (kwisisombululo, yayipinki). Kuyakholelwa ekubeni abasebenzi abasebenzisa isodium boulffate okanye i-potassium sulfate bathathaI-cerium (iv) i-oxideNgaphandle kwe-yttrium (III) I-oxide kunye ne-engaguqukiyo iguqula i-terbium kwi-sediment ene-cirium. Kuphela yi-1% ye-Owtrium ye-Oxide, ngoku ebizwa ngokuba yi "Terbium", yanele ukuba iphumelele umbala otyheli kwi-yttrium (iii) oxide. Ke ngoko, i-Terbium yinto yesibini eyayiyifumana ekuqaleni, kwaye ilawulwa ngabamelwane bayo ngokukhawuleza, iGadilinium kunye ne-dysprosium.
Emva koko, qho xa kukho ezinye izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zahlukaniswa kulo mxube, ngaphandle kwenani lee-oxide, igama le-terbium laligcinwa de ekugqibeleni, i-brown oxide ye-terbhium yafunyanwa ngefom ecocekileyo. Abaphandi ngenkulungwane ye-19 abasebenzisanga itekhnoloji ye-Ultraviot Pluorescence ukuze bagcine itekhnoloji etyheli etyheli okanye eluhlaza (iii), eyenza ibe lula kwiTerbim ukuba ibonakaliswe kwimixube eqinileyo okanye izisombululo.
Isimo se-elektronte
Isimo se-elektronte:
I-1s2 2s2 2P6 3s2 3P6 4P6 4S2 3D10 4P6 4S2 4s2 4s2 4s2 4k9
Uqwalaselo lwe-elektroni ye-terbium yi [xe] 6s24f9. Ngokwesiqhelo, zithathu kuphela i-elektroniki kuphela zingasuswa ngaphambi kokuba i-nuclear inkulu kakhulu ukuba ingaphezulu, kodwa kwimeko yeTerbium, i-Terbim ivumela i-eonfium, i-terbium epheleleyo ivumela enye i-ionsed phambi kwe-bidarine yegesi.
I-Terbium yintsimbi yesilivere emhlophe enqabileyo ye-gesity ene-gesity yentsimbi, inzulu, kunye nokuthamba okunokunqunyulwa ngommese. Inqaku lokunyibilika 1360 ℃, inqaku lokubila 3123 ℃, ukuxinana 8229 4kg / m3. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-lanthehanide yokuqala, iyazinza emoyeni. Njengesona sithoba se-lanthanide, i-terbium sisinyithi ngombane oqinileyo. I-iphendula ngamanzi ukwenza i-hydrogen.
Kwindalo, i-terbium ayikaze ifunyanwe ukuba ibe yinto yasimahla, inani elincinci lePupholika yePosrium Tand kunye neGadolinite. I-Terbim Coexists kunye nezinye izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kwi-monazite isanti, kunye ne-0.03% ye-Terbim. Eminye imithombo ye-xenotome kunye ne-ores emnyama yegolide, zombini imixube yee-oxide kwaye iqulethe ukuya kwi-1% ye-terbium.
Isicelo
Ukusetyenziswa kweTerbium ikakhulu kubandakanya amasimi obuchwephesha obuphezulu, onobugcisa obukhulu kunye nolwazi olunamandla anqabileyo, kunye neeprojekthi ezinesibonelelo esibalulekileyo soqoqosho, ngamathemba ophuhliso olunomtsalane.
Iinkalo zezicelo eziphambili zibandakanya:
(1) isetyenziswa kwimo yomhlaba onqabileyo. Umzekelo, isetyenziswa njengelitye elinqabileyo lomhlaba elinqabileyo kunye notyalo lwezolimo.
. Izixhobo ze-Optoectroalctlectroalctlectronict zifuna ukusetyenziswa kwemibala emithathu esisiseko yephosprhors, ebizwa ngokuba yibomvu, eluhlaza, kunye neblowu, enokusetyenziselwa ukuqesha imibala eyahlukeneyo. I-Terbium yinxalenye engenakuphikiswa kwiindawo ezininzi eziphezulu eziphezulu eziphezulu ze-fluorescer.
. Iifilimu ze-Amorphous yensimbi yensimbi ye-Allow Fotture Fieds isetyenziselwe ukwenza i-CDSP-POPICA-OPH.
(4) Ukwenza iglasi ye-magneto yokwaqhwithi. Iglasi ye-roqo ye-roqo ene-terbium inento ephambili yokufumana iintambo zemveliso, aboluka kunye neesetyhula kwitekhnoloji yaseLayer.
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Kwezolimo kunye nezamandla kwezilwanyana
I-terbium enqabileyo inokuthi iphucule umgangatho wesivuno kwaye yonyuse inqanaba lephotosynthesis ngaphakathi koluhlu oluthile. I-Terbium Services inomsebenzi omkhulu webhayiloji. I-Ternary Strinayes zeTerbium, i-TB (i-TB) 3Benim (i-Clo4), zineziphumo ezilungileyo ze-aurephlocterical aures, i-bacilsis subrilis kunye ne-Escherilis Coli. Banomsunguli obanzi. Ukufundwa kwezinto ezinjalo kubonelela ngesikhokelo sophando esitsha seziyobisi zanamhlanje.
Isetyenziswe kwicandelo lokwalusa
Izixhobo ze-Optoectroalctlectroalctlectronict zifuna ukusetyenziswa kwemibala emithathu esisiseko yephosprhors, ebizwa ngokuba yibomvu, eluhlaza, kunye neblowu, enokusetyenziselwa ukuqesha imibala eyahlukeneyo. I-Terbium yinxalenye engenakuphikiswa kwiindawo ezininzi eziphezulu eziphezulu eziphezulu ze-fluorescer. Ukuba ukuzalwa kombala womhlaba onqabileyo weTV yeTV ye-fluorescent kukhuthaze imfuno ye-Yttrium ne-Europium, emva koko isicelo kunye nophuhliso lwe-terbium zikhuthazwe ngumhlaba onqabileyo wezibane. Ebutsheni bowe-1980s, iPhilip ihlelele i-Compas yeHlabathi yeLizwe le-Compact Fourascent yeFluorescent kwaye yakhawuleza yaphakamisa kwihlabathi jikelele. I-TB3 + i-Ion inokukhupha ukukhanya eluhlaza kunye ne-545nm, kwaye phantse yonke iphosphers enqabileyo kakhulu isebenzisa i-terbium njenge-gebhium njenge-terbium njenge-gebhium njenge-gebhium njenge-terbium njenge-gebhium njenge-gebhium njenge-gebhium njenge-terbium njenge-gebhium njenge-terbium njenge-terbium njenge-gebhium njenge-gebhium njenge-gebhium njenge-terbium njenge-gebhium njenge-terbium njenge-gebhium njenge-terbium njenge-gebhium njenge-gebhium njenge-terbium njenge-gebhium njenge-gebhium njenge-terbium njenge-terbium njenge-gebhium njenge-terbium njenge-gebhium njenge-terbium njenge-gebhium njengengafanelekanga.
I-phosphor ye-phosp ye-photome ye-jongo ye-ray ray (CRT) ibisoloko isekwe kwi-phorfide yombala we-zungu, kubandakanya i-pholsio5 ye-GORECRA: Ngokuphuhliswa kwamabonakude obukhulu kwi-trical screen Umzekelo, i-hybrid green fluorescent powder iphuhliswe phesheya, equka i-Y3 (i-Al, G) ye-TB3 +, i-TB3 + ye-TB3 +, i-Y2SIO5: i-TB3 +, enesifo samagama aphezulu.
I-Gay yendabuko ye-X-ray fluorescent powder yi-calcium tungstate. Ngeminyaka yee-1970 kunye ne-1980s, i-phosphors enqabileyo yokuqinisa izikrini zasebenza, i-Terbim isebenze i-tulcur oxide, i-Terbium isebenze i-oxide, i-terbim isebenze i-oxide inciphise ixesha le-X-ray I-Irradiation yabaguli nge-80%, iphucule isisombululo seefilimu ze-X-ray, zandise ixesha lokuphila kweetyhubhu ze-X-ray, kwaye zinciphise ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. I-Terbim ikwasetyenziswa njenge-roborest ye-fluorescent ye-ray screens, enokuphucula kakhulu imvakalelo yokuguqula i-X-ray ye-X-ray fictures eqinile, kwaye inciphise idosi yokuveza ye-X-rays ukuya kwi-rays yomntu (ngaphezulu kwe-50%).
I-Terbium ikwasetyenziswa njenge-active kwi-White Fighf Resphol yonwabile ngokukhanya okubloyikayo kwisibane esitsha se-semiconductor. Ingasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-Terbim Alumnum Agstrical Agstal Agstal ye-mpumel, esebenzisa i-Deble ekhupha imithombo yolwazi, kwaye i-fluorescence ye-fluoresnce ixutywe nokukhanya okumhlophe.
Izixhobo ze-eleclumiculcection zenziwe nge-terbium ikakhulu zibandakanya i-pholfide ye-pholfide ye-pholphor eluhlaza eneTerbium njenge-artivitor. Ngaphantsi kwe-Irradiot i-Irradiation, i-organic sperdes yeTerbium inokukhupha i-fluorescence yomeleleyo kwaye inokusetyenziswa njengezixhobo ezinombala omdaka. Nangona inkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo yenziwe kuphononongo lweefilimu ezinqabileyo ze-elektroniki ezinqabileyo, kusekho isithuba esithile esivela ekusebenziseni iifilimu ze-elektroniki ezinobunzima kunye nezixhobo zisebunzulu.
Iimpawu ze-Fluorescence Iimpawu zeTerbium nazo zisetyenziswa njenge-fluoresces. Umzekelo, u-Olloxacin Terbium (i-TB3 +) I-Fluorescence Probe yayisetyenziselwa ukufundisisane phakathi kwe-Olloxacin Tobrim (i-DNA) yi-GNAxacin TB3 + i-DNA (i-DNA inokuthi iphucule kakhulu i-fluorescence ye I-olloxacin i-TB3 + (nenkqubo. Ngokusekwe kolu tshintsho, iDNA inokugqitywa.
Ngezixhobo zeMagneto Optical
Izixhobo ezinesiphumo sendawo, esaziwa njengezixhobo ze-magneto-optical, zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-lasers kunye nezinye izixhobo zamehlo. Zimbini iintlobo zezixhobo zeMagneto Optical: I-magneto optial kunye neglasi eyakhiwe nguMagneto. Phakathi kwazo, amakristali ye-magneto-optial (njenge-Yttrium Garnet kunye neTerbium Galnet) zineengenelo zokusebenza okusebenzayo kunye nokuzinza okuphezulu, kodwa zibiza kakhulu kwaye kuyabiza kwaye kunzima ukwenza. Ukongeza, i-crystals ezininzi ze-magneto of magnetos ejikelezayo ye-earaday ye-faraday ye-faracy ye-faraight ineendawo eziphakamileyo zesaphu, ezinokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwabo. Xa kuthelekiswa neekristali ze-magneto optial, iglasi ye-magneto ye-optical inenzuzo yokusasazeka okuphezulu kwaye kulula ukuba zenziwe kwiibhloko ezinkulu okanye iintsinga. Okwangoku, iiglasi zeMagneto-Optical enefuthe eliphezulu lolwahlulo ikakhulu zinqabile iiglasi ze-ion zomhlaba.
Isetyenziselwa izixhobo zokugcina amaMagneto
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kunye nophuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwe-Multimedia kunye ne-ofisi ye-omeme, imfuno yediski ye-disnetic ephezulu ye-disnetic ephakamileyo yanda. Iifilimu ze-Amorphous i-terbium yensimbi yensimbi isetyenziselwe ukwenza i-discy--optical aptical. Phakathi kwabo, ifilimu ye-TBECO ye-TBECO ye-TBECOY ineyona ndlela ilungileyo. Izinto ze-terbium ezisezantsi ze-magneto ze-magneto zivelisiwe kwindawo enkulu, kunye neediski ze-magneto-ezifanelekileyo zenziwe kuzo zisetyenziswa njengezinto zokugcina ikhompyutha, kunye nomsebenzi wogcino onyuke ngamaxesha ayi-10-16. Banezibonelelo zezakhono ezinkulu kunye nezantya zokufikelela ngokukhawuleza, kwaye zinokutshitshiswa kwaye zidityaniswe amashumi amawaka amawaka xa isetyenziselwa iidiski ze-disns. Zizinto ezibalulekileyo kwitekhnoloji yolwazi nge-elektroniki. Ezona zinto ziqhelekileyo zisetyenziswa zizinto ezibonakalayo ze-magneto-optims kwi-terbium gebhium pallium parstium paystal, eyeyona ndawo iphambili ye-magneto-optical ye-rotator kunye nesolatori.
Iglasi ye-magneto of magneto
Iglasi ye-faraday magneto of magneto ye-Magneto ye-Magneto ye-Magne inobala oluhle kunye ne-isotropy kwimimandla ebonakalayo neyinxunguphele, kwaye inokwenza imilo eyahlukeneyo. Kulula ukuvelisa iimveliso ezinkulu kwaye zinokutsalwa kubakhezi. Ke ngoko, inamachaphaza asetyenzisiweyo asetyenziswayo kwizixhobo zeMagneto Optical Assoot yesoators, iimodyuli zeMagneto Optical, kunye neFiber Optic Abesors. Ngenxa yomzuzu omkhulu wemagnetic kunye ne-action encinci ebonakalayo kuluhlu olubonakalayo noluhlaza, i-TB3 + i-ions isetyenziswe emhlabeni inqabile i-magneto of glasses.
I-Terbium Dysprosium Fersprosium Ferromagnet-stalty
Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, ngokuqina kwehlabathi elinamandla lehlabathi kunye netekhnoloji yetekhnoloji, umhlaba omtsha onqabileyo wezixhobo ziphuma ngokukhawuleza. Ngo-1984, i-Iowa State yaseMelika, i-Aboratory ye-United States i-United States yeZiko loPhando laseMelika (e-Tsalem. Esi sixhobo sitsha se-smart sineempawu ezintle zokuguqula amandla ngokukhawuleza kumatshini oomatshini. Amanzi aphantsi kwamanzi kunye no-Acoustic Translaustrs olwenziwe ngezixhobo ze-genestostices ezi-genestostrive eziye zalungiswa ngempumelelo kwizixhobo ze-Naval, izithethi ezibonakalayo zeoyile, ingxolo kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lwendawo kunye neenkqubo zonxibelelwano eziphantsi komhlaba. Ke ngoko, nje ukuba i-Terbium Dysprosium yentsimbi ye-genetostium ye-genetostiation yazalwa, yafumana ingqalelo ebanzi kumazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho kwihlabathi liphela. Itekhnoloji yomphetho e-United States yaqala ukuvelisa izixhobo ze-Gybium Dysprosium ze-Gysprosium ngo-1989 zaza zathi, iSweden, iSweden, e-Australia, i-Australia ivele i-Terbim Dysprosium.
Ukusuka kwimbali yokuphuhliswa kwale nto e-United States, zombini ukuyilwa kwezinto kunye nezicelo zayo zokuqala zihambelana ngqo neshishini lomkhosi (njengokwakho). Nangona amasebe e-China nelasemkhosini kunye nokuqiniswa ngokuthe ngcembe ukuqonda ukuqonda kwabo le nto. Nangona kunjalo, emva kokuba igunya likazwelonke elibanzi le-China liye lonyuka kakhulu, iimfuno zokufezekisa isicwangciso sokhuphiswano emkhosini kule nkulungwane yama-21 kunye nokuphucula inqanaba lezixhobo ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kungxamiseka. Ke ngoko, ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwe-terbium dysprosium yentsimbi ye-genestossium ye-genestostossubs ngamasebe emkhosini naseZwelonke iya kuba yimbali yembali.
Ngamafutshane, iipropathi ezininzi ezibalaseleyo zeTerbium zenza ilungu elingaqondakaliyo lezixhobo ezininzi ezisebenzayo kunye nendawo engenakufanelwa kwezinye izinto. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yexabiso eliphezulu leTerbium, abantu babefunda indlela yokuphepha nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweTerbium ukuze kunciphise iindleko. Umzekelo, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zeMagneto-i-ofisi kufuneka isebenzise i-Dysprosium ye-Dysprosium ye-ANSROSIIC ye-Iron Zama ukunciphisa umxholo weTerbium kwi-Green Fluorescent Powder ekufuneka isetyenziswe. Ixabiso liye laba yinto ebalulekileyo kuthintela ukusetyenziswa kweTerbium. Kodwa izinto ezininzi ezisebenzayo azinakwenza ngaphandle kwawo, ke kufuneka silandele umgaqo-siseko wokuba "sisebenzisa intsimbi elungileyo kwi-blade" kwaye sizame ukugcina ukusetyenziswa kweTerbim kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
IXESHA LOKUQALA: UJUL-05-2023