Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amazwi athi “izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo", "Izithuthi zamandla amatsha", kunye "nophuhliso oludibeneyo" luye lwabonakala ngokuphindaphindiweyo kumajelo eendaba. Ngoba? Oku kubangelwa ikakhulu ingqwalasela eyandayo ehlawulwa lilizwe kuphuhliso lokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye namashishini okonga amandla, kunye namandla amakhulu okudibanisa kunye nophuhliso lwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kwintsimi yezithuthi zamandla amatsha. Yeyiphi imikhomba-ndlela emine yokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kwizithuthi zamandla amatsha?
△ Injini yemagnethi esisigxina yomhlaba
I
Injini yemagnethi esisigxina yomhlaba
Injini yemagnethi esisigxina yomhlaba luhlobo olutsha lwemoto umazibuthe esisigxina eyavela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1970. Umgaqo wayo wokusebenza uyafana nowombane ovuyiswa yi-synchronous motor, ngaphandle kokuba eyokuqala isebenzisa umazibuthe osisigxina ukuze ithathe indawo ye-excitation winding for excitation. Xa kuthelekiswa neemotor zemveli zokuvuselela umbane, iimotor zemagnethi ezisisigxina zomhlaba zinezibonelelo ezibalulekileyo ezifana nolwakhiwo olulula, ukusebenza okuthembekileyo, ubungakanani obuncinci, ubunzima obulula, ilahleko ephantsi, kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu. Ngaphezu koko, ubume kunye nobukhulu bemoto bunokwakheka ngokuguquguqukayo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ixatyiswe kakhulu kumhlaba wezithuthi zamandla amatsha. Iimotor zemagnethi ezisisigxina ezisemhlabeni ezimotweni ikakhulu ziguqula amandla ombane ebhetri yamandla abe ngamandla oomatshini, ukuqhuba i-flywheel ye-injini ukujikeleza kunye nokuqalisa injini.
II
Ibhetri yamandla omhlaba enqabileyo
Izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo azikwazi nje ukuthatha inxaxheba ekulungiseleleni izinto zangoku ze-electrode eziqhelekileyo kwiibhetri ze-lithium, kodwa zisebenza njengezinto eziluhlaza ukulungiselela i-electrode efanelekileyo yebhetri yeLead-acid okanye ibhetri ye-Nickel-metal hydride.
Ibhetri yeLithium: Ngenxa yokongezwa kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, ukuzinza kwesakhiwo sezinto eziphathekayo kuqinisekisiwe kakhulu, kwaye iziteshi ezintathu-dimensional zokufuduka kwe-lithium ion ezisebenzayo nazo zandiswa kwinqanaba elithile. Oku kwenza ukuba ibhetri ye-lithium-ion elungisiweyo ibe nokuzinza okuphezulu kokutshaja, ukuguqulwa kwebhayisikile ye-electrochemical, kunye nobomi bomjikelezo omde.
Ibhetri ye-asidi ye-Lead: uphando lwasekhaya lubonisa ukuba ukongezwa komhlaba onqabileyo kuyanceda ekuphuculeni amandla okuqina, ukuqina, ukuxhathisa umhlwa kunye ne-oksijini yendaleko Overpotential of lead based alloy of electrode plate. Ukongezwa komhlaba onqabileyo kwicandelo elisebenzayo kunokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-oksijini efanelekileyo, ukuphucula izinga lokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezisebenzayo ezisebenzayo, kwaye ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe ukusebenza kunye nobomi benkonzo yebhetri.
Ibhetri ye-Nickel-metal hydride: Ibhetri ye-nickel-metal hydride inezibonelelo zomthamo ophezulu ophezulu, okwangoku ophezulu, ukusebenza kakuhle kokukhupha, kwaye akukho ngcoliseko, ngoko ibizwa ngokuba "ibhetri eluhlaza" kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimoto, i-electronics kunye nezinye iindawo. Ukuze kugcinwe ezona mpawu zibalaseleyo zokukhupha isantya esiphezulu sebhetri ye-Nickel-metal hydride ngelixa ithintela ukubola kobomi bayo, i-patent yaseJapan i-JP2004127549 yazisa ukuba i-cathode yebhetri inokuqulunqwa ngengxubevange enqabileyo ye-nickel ye-magnesium esekwe kwi-hydrogen yokugcina i-hydrogen.
△ Izithuthi zamandla amatsha
III
IiCatalysts kwi-ternary catalytic converters
Njengoko kusaziwa, ayizizo zonke izithuthi zamandla amatsha ezinokufikelela kwi-zero ekhutshwayo, njengezithuthi zombane ezixutyiweyo kunye nezithuthi zombane ezicwangcisekileyo, ezikhupha inani elithile lezinto eziyityhefu ngexesha lokusetyenziswa. Ukuze kuncitshiswe ukukhutshwa kombhobho wemoto yazo, ezinye iimoto zinyanzelwa ukuba zifakele iindlela ezintathu zokuguquguqula xa zishiya umzi-mveliso. Xa i-exhaust yemoto ephezulu yokushisa idlula, abaguquleli abathathu be-catalytic baya kuphucula umsebenzi we-CO, HC kunye ne-NOx kwi-Go ngokusebenzisa i-arhente yokucoca eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, ukuze bakwazi ukugqiba i-Redox kwaye bavelise iigesi ezingenabungozi, ezifanelekileyo. kukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo.
Elona candelo le-ternary catalyst liziqalelo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, ezidlala indima ephambili ekugcineni imathiriyeli, ukubuyisela ezinye zezinto eziphambili, kunye nokusebenza njengezixhobo zokuncedisa. Umhlaba onqabileyo osetyenziswa kwi-catalyst yokucoca igesi yomsila ikakhulu ngumxube we-cerium oxide, i-praseodymium oxide kunye ne-Lanthanum oxide, ezityebile kwiiminerali zomhlaba ezinqabileyo e-China.
IV
Izinto zeCeramic kwiiSensors zeOxygen
Izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zinemisebenzi ekhethekileyo yokugcina i-oksijini ngenxa yesakhiwo sazo sombane esisodwa, kwaye zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukulungiswa kwezinto ze-ceramic ze-oxygen sensors kwiinkqubo ze-electronic fuel injection, ezikhokelela ekusebenzeni okungcono kwe-catalytic. Inkqubo yokutofa kwe-elektroniki sisixhobo esiqhubela phambili sokutofa amafutha esamkelwe ziinjini zepetroli ngaphandle kwee-carburetors, ikakhulu zenziwe ngamacandelo amathathu amakhulu: inkqubo yomoya, inkqubo yamafutha kunye nenkqubo yokulawula.
Ukongeza koku, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba nazo zinoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo kwiindawo ezinjengeegiya, amatayara, kunye nentsimbi yomzimba. Kunokuthiwa umhlaba onqabileyo zizinto ezibalulekileyo kwintsimi yezithuthi zamandla amatsha.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jul-14-2023