Inqaku le-56: I-Barium

1, Intshayelelo ye-ElementalBarium,
Isiqalelo sesinyithi somhlaba wealkaline, esinophawu lwekhemikhali i-Ba, lukwiQela IIA lesithuba sesithandathu setheyibhile yeperiodic. Yintsimbi ethambileyo, emhlophe ecwebezelayo yealkaline yasemhlabeni kunye neyona nto isebenzayo kwiintsimbi zomhlaba zealkaline. Igama le element livela kwigama lesiGrike elithi beta alpha ρύς (barys), elithetha "nzima".

2, Ukufumana iMbali emfutshane
Iisulfides zealkaline metal metals zibonisa iphosphorescence, oku kuthetha ukuba ziyaqhubeka zikhupha ukukhanya kangangexesha elithile ebumnyameni emva kokuvezwa ekukhanyeni. Iikhompawundi zeBarium zaqala ukutsala ingqalelo yabantu ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yolu phawu. Ngowe-1602, umenzi wezihlangu ogama linguCasio Lauro kwisixeko saseBologna, eItali, wosa i<em>barite ene<em>barium sulfate kunye nezinto ezinokutsha waza wafumanisa ukuba inokukhupha ukukhanya ebumnyameni, nto leyo eyavusa umdla wabaphengululi ngelo xesha. Kamva, olu hlobo lwamatye lwabizwa ngokuba yi-polonite kwaye lwavusa umdla weekhemisti zaseYurophu kuphando lohlalutyo. Ngowe-1774, usokhemisti waseSweden uCW Scheele wafumanisa ukuba i<em>barium oxide yayingumhlaba omtsha onzima noko, awawubiza ngokuba “yiBaryta” (umhlaba onzima). Ngo-1774, uScheler wayekholelwa ukuba eli litye liyindibaniselwano yomhlaba omtsha (i-oxide) kunye ne-asidi ye-sulfuric. Ngo-1776, wafudumeza i-nitrate kulo mhlaba mtsha ukuze ufumane umhlaba ococekileyo (i-oxide). Kwi-1808, i-chemist yaseBrithani u-H. Davy wasebenzisa i-mercury njenge-cathode kunye ne-platinum njenge-anode ye-electrolyze barite (BaSO4) ukuvelisa i-barium amalgam. Emva kokuxutywa kwenkunkuma ukuze kususwe imekyuri, kwafunyanwa isinyithi esisezantsi esicocekileyo saza sathiywa ngegama lesiGrike elithi barys (elinzima). Isimboli yesiqalelo iseti njengo-Ba, ebizwa ngokuba yi-barium.

3. Iimpawu ezibonakalayo
Bariumyintsimbi emhlophe yesilivere enendawo yokunyibilika eyi-725 ° C, indawo yokubila eyi-1846 ° C, ingxinano ye-3.51g/cm3, kunye ne-ductility. Iintsimbi eziphambili ze-barium ziyi-barite kunye ne-arsenopyrite.

4,Bariumsisiqalelo sekhemikhali esineempawu zekhemikhali.
Isimboli sekhemikhali i-Ba, inombolo ye-athomu engu-56, yeyeqela le-IIA lenkqubo ye-periodic kwaye lilungu leentsimbi zomhlaba zealkaline. I-Barium inomsebenzi omkhulu weekhemikhali kwaye yeyona nto isebenzayo phakathi kweentsimbi zomhlaba zealkaline. Ukususela kumandla anokubakho kunye ne-ionization, kunokubonwa ukuba i-barium inokunciphisa okunamandla. Enyanisweni, ukuba kuphela ukuqwalasela ukulahlekelwa kwe-electron yokuqala, i-barium ine-reducibility enamandla kakhulu emanzini. Nangona kunjalo, kunzima ukuba i-barium ilahlekelwe yi-electron yesibini. Ngoko ke, ngokuqwalasela zonke izinto, ukuncitshiswa kwe-barium kuya kuncipha kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ikwayenye yezona zinyithi zisebenzayo kwizisombululo ze-acidic, okwesibini kuphela kwi-lithium, i-cesium, i-rubidium, kunye ne-potassium.

5.Iikhompawundi eziphambili
1). I-Barium oxide ingena kancinane emoyeni ukuze yenze i-barium oxide, eyikyubhiki yekristale engenambala. Inyibilika kwi-asidi, ayinyibiliki kwi-acetone kunye namanzi e-ammonia. Idibana namanzi yenze i-barium hydroxide, eyityhefu. Xa itshisiwe, ikhupha ilangatye eliluhlaza kwaye ivelise i-barium peroxide.
2). I-Barium peroxide idibana ne-asidi ye-sulfuric ukuvelisa i-hydrogen peroxide. Le ndlela yokusabela isekelwe kumgaqo wokulungisa ihydrogen peroxide elabhoratri.
3). I-Barium hydroxide idibana namanzi ukuze ivelise i-barium hydroxide kunye negesi ye-hydrogen. Ngenxa ye-solubility ephantsi ye-barium hydroxide kunye namandla ayo aphezulu e-sublimation, impendulo ayinamandla njengaleyo yesinyithi se-alkali, kwaye umphumo we-barium hydroxide uya kufihla umbono. Isixa esincinci sekharbon diokside singeniswa kwisisombululo ukwenza i-barium carbonate precipitate, kunye nekharbhon diokside engaphezulu kuqaliswa ukunyibilikisa i-barium carbonate precipitate kwaye ivelise i-soluble barium bicarbonate.
4). I-amino barium inokunyibilika kwi-ammonia elulwelo, ivelise isisombululo esiluhlaza ngeparamagnetism kunye ne-conductivity, eyona nto yenze ii-electron ze-ammonia. Emva kwexesha elide lokugcinwa, i-hydrogen kwi-ammonia iya kuncitshiswa kwigesi ye-hydrogen ngama-electron e-ammonia, kwaye impendulo epheleleyo yi-barium esabela nge-ammonia engamanzi ukuvelisa i-amino barium kunye negesi ye-hydrogen.
5). I-Barium sulfite yikristale emhlophe okanye umgubo, inetyhefu, inyibilika kancinane emanzini, kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe ifakwe kwi-barium sulfate xa ibekwe emoyeni. Nyibilika kwiiasidi ezomeleleyo ezingezizo i-oxidizing njenge-hydrochloric acid ukuvelisa igesi yesulfure dioxide enevumba elibi. Xa udibana ne-oxidizing acids ezifana ne-dilute nitric acid, inokuguqulwa ibe yi-barium sulfate.
6). I-Barium sulfate ineekhemikhali ezizinzile, kwaye inxalenye ye-barium sulfate echithwe emanzini i-ionized ngokupheleleyo, eyenza i-electrolyte enamandla. I-Barium sulfate ayinyibiliki kwi-dilute nitric acid. Isetyenziswa kakhulu njenge-agent ye-gastrointestinal difference.
IBarium carbonate iyityhefu kwaye iphantse yanganyibiliki kumanzi abandayo. Isabela kunye ne-sodium sulfate ukuvelisa i-precipitate emhlophe engabonakaliyo ye-barium sulfate - ukuguqulwa kwendlela yokuguqula phakathi kwe-precipitates kwisisombululo esinamanzi: kulula ukuguqula ukuya kwicala elingenakunyibilika.

6, Iinkalo zeSicelo
1. Isetyenziselwa iinjongo zoshishino ekuveliseni i-barium salts, i-alloys, i-fireworks, i-nuclear reactors, njl. Isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwii-alloys, kuquka i-lead, i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-sodium, i-lithium, i-aluminium, kunye ne-nickel alloys. Isinyithi se-Barium singasetyenziselwa njenge-arhente yokukhupha i-degassing ukususa i-trace gases kwi-vacuum tubes kunye neetyhubhu ze-cathode ray, kunye ne-agent ye-degassing yokucoca isinyithi. I-nitrate ye-Barium exutywe ne-potassium chlorate, umgubo we-magnesium, kunye ne-rosin ingasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amadangatye omqondiso kunye nomlilo. Iikhompawundi ze-barium ezinyibilikayo zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo njengezinambuzane, ezifana ne-barium chloride, ukulawula izitshabalalisi zezityalo ezahlukeneyo. Ingasetyenziselwa ukucokisa i-brine kunye namanzi ebhoyila kwimveliso ye-electrolytic caustic soda. Ikwasetyenziselwa ukulungisa ii-pigments. Imizi-mveliso yelaphu kunye nesikhumba iyisebenzisa njenge-mordant kunye ne-agent yokudibanisa i-silika eyenziweyo.
2. I-Barium sulfate yokusetyenziswa kwezonyango liyeza elincedisayo lokuhlolwa kwe-X-ray. I-powder emhlophe engenavumba kwaye engenancasa, into enokubonelela ngokungafaniyo okulungileyo emzimbeni ngexesha lokuhlolwa kwe-X-ray. I-barium sulfate yonyango ayixutywanga kwi-gastrointestinal tract kwaye ayibangeli ukusabela komzimba. Ayinayo i-soluble barium compounds efana ne-barium chloride, i-barium sulfide, kunye ne-barium carbonate. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwimifanekiso yesisu, ngamanye amaxesha isetyenziselwa ezinye iinjongo zoviwo

7. Indlela yokulungiselela
Imveliso yemizi-mveliso yebarium metallicihlukaniswe ngamanyathelo amabini: ukuveliswa kwe-barium oxide kunye nokunciphisa i-thermal yensimbi (i-aluminium yokunciphisa i-thermal). Kwi-1000-1200 ℃,barium metallicinokufumaneka ngokunciphisa i-barium oxide nge-aluminium yensimbi, kwaye ihlanjululwe nge-vacuum distillation. Indlela yokunciphisa i-aluminiyam ye-thermal yokuvelisa i-metallic barium: Ngenxa yemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yesithako, kunokubakho iimpendulo ezimbini zokunciphisa i-aluminiyam ye-barium oxide. I-reaction equation yile: zombini iimpendulo zinokuvelisa kuphela inani elincinci le-barium kwi-1000-1200 ℃. Ngoko ke, impompo yokucoca kufuneka isetyenziswe ngokuqhubekayo ukuhambisa umphunga we-barium ukusuka kwindawo yokusabela ukuya kwindawo ebandayo yokuxinana ukuze ukusabela kuqhubeke ukuya ngakwesokudla. Intsalela emva kokusabela inetyhefu kwaye ifuna ukunyangwa phambi kokulahlwa