Iqhinga lase-US leeminerali ezinqabileyo kufuneka. . . Idityaniswe ngoovimba besizwe abathile bezinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, ukusetyenzwa kwezimbiwa zomhlaba ezinqabileyo e-United States kuya kuqaliswa kwakhona ngokuphunyezwa kwenkuthazo entsha kunye nokurhoxiswa kwenkuthazo, kunye [nophando nophuhliso] malunga nokusetyenzwa kunye neendlela ezizezinye zezimbiwa ezintsha ezicocekileyo ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. Sifuna uncedo lwakho.-uSekela Nobhala wezoKhuselo noKhuseleko u-Ellen Lord, ubungqina obuvela kwi-Senate armed Forces Preparation and Management Support Subcommittee, ngo-Okthobha 1, 2020. Ngosuku olungaphambi kobungqina bukaNksk. Lord, uMongameli uDonald Trump usayine umyalelo wesigqeba "echaza ishishini lezemigodi liza kungena kwimeko yonxunguphalo" ejoliswe "ekukhuthazeni i-United States imveliso yezombiwa phantsi, iteknoloji yasekhaya." Ukuxhomekeka eTshayina ”. Ukuvela ngokukhawuleza kongxamiseko kwimixholo ekungafane kuxutyushwe ngayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kumele ukuba kothusa abantu abaninzi.Ngokutsho kwezazi zenzululwazi ngokwakheka komhlaba, umhlaba onqabileyo awunqabile, kodwa uxabisekile. Impendulo ebonakala iyimfihlelo ikukufikelela. Izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo (REE) ziqulethe izinto ezili-17 ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kubathengi be-elektroniki kunye nezixhobo zokukhusela, kwaye zaqala ukufunyanwa kwaye zasetyenziswa eUnited States. Nangona kunjalo, imveliso ngokuthe ngcembe itshintshela e-China, apho iindleko eziphantsi zabasebenzi, ukunciphisa ingqalelo kwimpembelelo yokusingqongileyo, kunye nenkxaso yesisa evela kwilizwe yenza i-People's Republic of China (PRC) iphendule i-97% yemveliso yehlabathi. Kwi-1997, i-Magniquench, inkampani ehamba phambili yomhlaba enqabileyo e-United States, yathengiswa kwi-investment consortium ekhokelwa ngu-Archibald Cox (Jr.), unyana womtshutshisi wegama elifanayo, i-Watergate. Le consortium isebenze neenkampani ezimbini zorhulumente waseTshayina. Inkampani yesinyithi, i-Sanhuan New Materials kunye ne-China Nonferrous Metals Import and Export Corporation. Usihlalo weSanhuan, unyana obhinqileyo wenkokeli ephezulu uDeng Xiaoping, waba ngusihlalo wenkampani. I-Magniquench yavalwa e-United States, yafudukela e-China, yaza yavulwa kwakhona ngo-2003, ehambelana neNkqubo ye-Super 863 kaDeng Xiaoping, eyafumana itekhnoloji ye-cutting-edge yokusetyenziswa kwezomkhosi, kubandakanya "izinto ezingaqhelekanga." Oku kwenza i-Molycorp yaba ngumvelisi wokugqibela onqabileyo oshiyekileyo e-United States de yawa ngo-2015. Kwangethuba lolawulo lwe-Reagan, ezinye ii-metallurgists zaqala ukuxhalaba ukuba i-United States yayithembele kwimithombo yangaphandle eyayingeyonto yobuhlobo kwiinxalenye eziphambili zenkqubo yayo yezixhobo (ingakumbi i-Soviet Union ngelo xesha), kodwa lo mbandela awuzange utsale ingqalelo yoluntu. Ngonyaka wama-2010. NgoSeptemba waloo nyaka, isikhephe sokuloba saseTshayina santlitheka kwiinqanawa ezimbini zabalindi baseJapan baseJapan kuLwandle lwaseMpuma China. Urhulumente waseJapan ubhengeze injongo yakhe yokubeka umphathi wesikhephe sokuloba ematyaleni, kwaye urhulumente waseTshayina emva koko wathatha amanyathelo okuziphindezela, kubandakanya nokuvalwa kokuthengiswa komhlaba onqabileyo eJapan. Oku kunokuba nefuthe elibi kwishishini leemoto laseJapan, eliye lasongelwa kukukhula ngokukhawuleza kweemoto ezenziwe ngamaTshayina. Phakathi kwezinye izicelo, izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ziyinxalenye eyimfuneko ye-injini yokuguqula i-injini.Isoyikiso saseChina sithathwe ngokungqongqo kangangokuba iMelika, iManyano yaseYurophu, iJapan kunye namanye amazwe aliqela afaka izimangalo kuMbutho weHlabathi wezoRhwebo (WTO) ugweba ukuba iChina ayinakunqanda ukuthunyelwa kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. Nangona kunjalo, amavili endlela yokusombulula ye-WTO ajika kancinane: isigqibo asenziwa kude kube yiminyaka emine kamva. UMphathiswa weSebe leMicimbi yezaNgaphandle waseTshayina kamva wakhanyela ukuba uye wabeka isithintelo, esithi iChina idinga izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kwimizi-mveliso yayo ekhulayo. Oku kunokuba kuchanekile: ngo-2005, i-China yayithintele ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle, okubangela inkxalabo kwi-Pentagon malunga nokunqongophala kwezinto ezine ezinqabileyo zomhlaba (i-lanthanum, i-cerium, i-euro, kunye ne), ezibangele ukulibaziseka ekuveliseni izixhobo ezithile. Ukuphela kweMolycorp kukwabonisa ulawulo olunobuqili kurhulumente waseTshayina. UMolycorp waxela kwangaphambili ukuba amaxabiso omhlaba anqabileyo aya kunyuka ngokukhawuleza emva kwesiganeko phakathi kwezikhephe zokuloba zaseTshayina kunye ne-Japan Coast Guard ngo-2010, ngoko ke yanyusa isixa esikhulu semali yokwakha ezona ndawo ziphezulu zokusetyenzwa. Nangona kunjalo, xa urhulumente wase-China wakhulula izabelo zokuthumela ngaphandle ngo-2015, i-Molycorp yayithwele i-US $ 1.7 yebhiliyoni ematyaleni kunye nesiqingatha seendawo zayo zokulungisa. Kwiminyaka emibini emva koko, yavela kwiinkqubo zokubhanga kwaye yathengiswa nge-20.5 yezigidi zeedola, isixamali esingabalulekanga xa sithelekisa ne-1.7 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. Inkampani yahlangulwa yi-consortium, kwaye i-China Leshan Shenghe Rare Earth Inkampani iphethe i-30% yamalungelo enkampani angavoti. Xa sithetha ngobuchwephesha, ukuba nezabelo ezingavotiyo kuthetha ukuba uLeshan Shenghe unelungelo lokungagqithisi kwisahlulo senzuzo, kwaye isixa sisonke sezi ngeniso sinokuba ncinane, ngoko ke abanye abantu banokuthandabuza iinjongo zenkampani. Nangona kunjalo, xa kujongwa ubungakanani be-Leshan Shenghe xa kuthelekiswa nesambuku esifunekayo ukuze ufumane i-30% yezabelo, inkampani kunokwenzeka ukuba ithathe umngcipheko. Nangona kunjalo, impembelelo inokwenziwa ngezinye iindlela ngaphandle kokuvota. Ngokoxwebhu lwaseTshayina oluveliswe yiWall Street Journal, uLeshan Shenghe uya kuba nelungelo elikhethekileyo lokuthengisa iiminerali zeMountain Pass. Kwimeko nayiphi na into, i-Molycorp iya kuthumela i-REE yayo e-China ukuze iqhutywe.Ngenxa yokukwazi ukuthembela koovimba, ishishini laseJapan alizange lichaphazeleke kakhulu kwingxabano ye-2010. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba nokwenzeka kweChina ukusebenzisa izixhobo zomhlaba onqabileyo ngoku kuye kwaqatshelwa. Kwiiveki nje ezimbalwa, iingcali zaseJapan zatyelela iMongolia, iVietnam, iOstreliya kunye namanye amazwe kunye nezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ukwenza imibuzo. Ukusukela ngoNovemba ka-2010, iJapan ifikelele kwisivumelwano sobonelelo sexesha elide neqela lase-Australia le-Lynas. I-Japan yaqinisekiswa ekuqaleni konyaka ozayo, kwaye ukususela ekukhuleni kwayo, ngoku ifumene i-30% yomhlaba wayo onqabileyo kwi-Lynas. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, i-China Nonferrous Metals Mining Group yaseburhulumenteni yazama ukuthenga isixa esikhulu seLynas kunyaka omnye odlulileyo. Ngenxa yokuba i-China ingumnini wenani elikhulu lemigodi yomhlaba enqabileyo, umntu unokuthelekelela ukuba i-China iceba ukuhombisa unikezelo lwehlabathi kunye nemfuno yemarike. Urhulumente wase-Australia wavala isivumelwano.Ku-United States, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ziphinde zavuka kwimfazwe yorhwebo yaseSino-US. NgoMeyi ka-2019, unobhala-jikelele waseTshayina u-Xi Jinping uqhube utyelelo olupapashiweyo nolunomfuziselo omkhulu kuMgodi woMhlaba weJiangxi Rare Earth, owatolikwa njengomboniso wempembelelo karhulumente wakhe eWashington. I<em>People’s Daily, iphephandaba elisemthethweni leKomiti Eyintloko yeQela lamaKomanisi laseTshayina, labhala oku: “Kungale ndlela kuphela esinokucebisa ukuba iUnited States ifanele ingawajongeli phantsi amandla eTshayina okukhusela amalungelo namalungelo ayo ophuhliso. Abakhi-mkhanyo babonisa, "Musa ukuthetha ukuba asizange silumkise. Igama elithi "wena" lidla ngokusetyenziswa ngamajelo aseburhulumenteni kwiimeko ezinzulu kakhulu, njengangaphambi kokuhlasela kwe-China yaseVietnam ngo-1978 kunye nakwingxabano yomda kunye ne-India ngo-2017. Ukuze kwandiswe iinkxalabo zase-United States, njengoko izixhobo eziphuculweyo ziphuhliswa, imizekelo enqabileyo yomhlaba ifuna i-920 kuphela imizekelo enqabileyo ifuna i-920 yomhlaba. iiponti zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, kwaye inkwili nganye yodidi lweVirginia idinga ukuphinda-phindwe kalishumi loo mali. Ngaphandle kwezilumkiso, iinzame zisenziwa ukuseka ikhonkco lonikezelo lwe-REE elingabandakanyi i-China, nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo inzima kakhulu kune-extraction ye-in situ, i-elementi yomhlaba enqabileyo ixutywe nezinye iiminerali ezininzi kwiimpawu ezahlukeneyo Emva koko, i-ore yasekuqaleni kufuneka iqhubele phambili kwi-concentration yokuqala kwaye ivelise i-concentration yokuqala. Kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-solvent extraction, “izinto ezinyityilisiweyo zidlula kumakhulu amaqula olwelo ahlula ielementi okanye iikhompawundi ezithile-la manyathelo unokuphindwa kangangamakhulu okanye amawaka amaxesha. Nje ukuba zihlanjululwe, ziyakwazi ukucutshungulwa zibe yi-oxidation Materials, phosphors, isinyithi, ialloys kunye nemagnethi, basebenzisa imagnethi ekhethekileyo, i-luminescent okanye i-electrochemical properties kwezi zinto, "utshilo iScientific American. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ubukho bezinto ezine-radioactive zenza nzima inkqubo. idiphozithi yafunyanwa kufuphi neSiqithi saseNanniao kwindawo yayo ekhethekileyo yezoqoqosho, ekuqikelelwa ukuba iyahlangabezana neemfuno zayo kangangeenkulungwane, Noko ke, ukususela ngo-2020, iphephandaba lesibini ngobukhulu eJapan, i<em>Asahi, lachaza iphupha lokuzanelisa “njengodaka. Nakwi-technology savvy Japanese, ukufumana indlela yokurhweba esebenzayo kuseyingxaki Izazinzulu zinexhala lokuba “ngenxa yesenzo samanzi ajikelezayo, ulwandle lusenokudilika luze luchithele elwandle umhlaba onqabileyo nodaka.” Izinto zorhwebo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe: iitoni ze-3,500 kufuneka ziqokelelwe yonke imihla ukwenza inkampani ibe nenzuzo ngoku, iitoni ezingama-350 kuphela zinokuqokelelwa ngeeyure ezili-10 ngosuku ngaphandle kwaba uLynas, owathumela intsimbi yayo e-Malaysia ukuze isebenze. Nangona igalelo likaLynas kwingxaki yomhlaba enqabileyo lixabisekile, akusiyo isisombululo esipheleleyo semihlaba enqabileyo emigodini yenkampani iphantsi kunoko e-China, oku kuthetha ukuba i-Lynas kufuneka ibambe izinto ezininzi zokukhupha kunye nokwahlula iintsimbi ezinqabileyo zomhlaba (ezifana neendleko ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, ezifana ne-data enzima Isinyithi sithelekiswa nokuthenga inkomo yonke njengenkomo: ukusuka ngo-Agasti ka-2020, ixabiso lekhilogram enye yi-US $ 344.40, ngelixa ixabiso lekhilogram enye yomhlaba onqabileyo we-neodymium yi-US $ 55.20. Ngo-2019, i-Texas-based Blue Line Corporation yabhengeza ukuba iyakuseka intsebenziswano kunye ne-Lynas ekulindeleke ukuba ifake iprojekthi iminyaka emibini ukuya kwemithathu ukuya kuphila, ukwenza abathengi abanokuba semngciphekweni kumanyathelo okuziphindezela eBeijing Xa urhulumente wase-Australia wavala umzamo waseTshayina wokufumana uLynas, iBeijing yaqhubeka ifuna ezinye izinto ezithengiweyo zangaphandle eVietnam kwaye sele ingenisa inani elikhulu leemveliso ezivela eMyanmar kwi-2018, yayiyi-25,000 ye-5, i-51 ye-toni yomhlaba. Ngo-2019, bekuyi-9,217 yeetoni zokugxila komhlaba onqabileyo kunye nongquzulwano olubangele ukuvinjwa kwezenzo ezingalawulwayo ngabavukuzi baseTshayina. Iphondo laseYunnan), kwaye emva koko wathunyelwa e-China ukubaleka umdlandla wemithetho. Abathengi baseTshayina baye bafuna ukufumana iindawo zemigodi eGreenland, ephazamisa i-United States ne-Denmark, eneziseko zomoya e-Thule, i-Semi-autonomous state i-Shenghe Resources Holdings iye yaba ngumnini-sabelo omkhulu we-Greenland Minerals Co. I-Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) ukurhweba kunye nokucubungula izimbiwa zomhlaba ezinqabileyo Yintoni eyenza umba wokhuseleko kwaye yintoni engabandakanyi umba wokhuseleko ingaba ngumba ophikisanayo phakathi kwamaqela amabini kwi-Danish-Greenland Self-Government Act.Abanye bakholelwa ukuba iinkxalabo malunga nonikezelo lwemihlaba enqabileyo iye yagqithiswa ukususela ngo-2010, apho i-stocks yanda ngokuncinci kwi-summergodden. Umhlaba onqabileyo nawo unokuphinda usetyenziswe, kwaye iinkqubo zingayilwa ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kobonelelo olukhoyo ibe nefuthe elibi kwimveliso kunye nokusulungekiswa kwamanzi amdaka anetyhefu kakhulu Amanzi amdaka echibini le-tailings anokunciphisa ungcoliseko lwendawo enqabileyo yomhlaba, kodwa amanzi amdaka anokuvuza okanye aphuke, okukhokelela kungcoliseko olunzulu lomlambo Izikhukula zibe nempembelelo eyintlekele kumzi-mveliso we-Leshan Shenghe kunye ne-inventri yayo Inkampani iqikelele ilahleko yayo ibe phakathi kwe-US$35 kunye ne-48 yezigidi, idlula kakhulu isixa se-inshorensi enokuthi ibangelwe kukutshintsha kwemozulu ibe rhoqo, ukuba nokwenzeka komonakalo kunye nongcoliseko olubangelwa zizikhukula zexesha elizayo nazo zinyuka. imihlaba enqabileyo ibikwinqanaba eliphantsi kangako ixesha elide, ingeniso yokuthengisa obu butyebi ithelekiswa nemali efunekayo ukuyilungisa. Akukho xabiso. Umonakalo.”Nangona kunjalo, kuxhomekeke kumthombo wengxelo, iChina isaza kubonelela nge-70% ukuya kwi-77% yezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. Kuphela kuxa intlekele isondele, njengango-2010 no-2019, iUnited States inokuqhubeka nokunikela ingqalelo. Kwimeko yeMagniquench kunye neMolycorp, i-consortium echaphazelekayo eUnited States ayinakuphembelela ukuba i-United States Investment ingayicenga i-United States. ichaphazela kakubi ukhuseleko lwase-US. I-CFIUS kufuneka ikhulise uxanduva lwayo ukubandakanya ukhuseleko lwezoqoqosho, kwaye kufuneka ilumke kwakhona, ngokuchasene nempendulo emfutshane kunye nexesha elifutshane elidlulileyo, ukuqwalaselwa okuqhubekayo kukarhulumente kwixa elizayo kuyafuneka xa sijonga emva kwintetho ye-People's Daily ngo-2019, asikwazi ukuthetha ukuba le ngxelo ayibonakali kuphela. isikhundla seZiko loPhando loMgaqo-nkqubo waNgaphandle ngumbutho ongakhethi cala ozinikele ekupapasheni amanqaku omgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe. Umhlaba, kwaye watshabalalisa […] ubomiNgomhla wama-20 kuMeyi, 2020, uMongameli waseTaiwan u-Tsai Ing-wen waqala ixesha lakhe lesibini kumsitho onoxolo […]Ngesiqhelo, intlanganiso yonyaka yeNkongolo yeSizwe yaBantu (i-NPC) yaseTshayina yinto engathandekiyo Ngokwethiyori, i-People's Republic of China Iziko loPhando loMgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle lizibophelele ekuboneleleni ngomgaqo-nkqubo ongeyonxalenye yelizwe elijongene nemiceli-mngeni ejongene nokhuseleko oluphezulu. eUnited States Sifundisa abantu abenza kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo kunye noluntu ngokubanzi ngeembono zembali, zejografi, kunye nezenkcubeko Funda ngakumbi malunga neFPRI »Foreign Policy Research Institute · 1528 Walnut St., Ste. © 2000–2020 onke amalungelo agciniwe.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jul-04-2022