I-China yayikhe yafuna ukukhawulelaumhlaba onqabileyoukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, kodwa kwaliwa ngamazwe awohlukeneyo. Kutheni ingenakwenzeka?
Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, kunye nokukhawuleza kokuhlanganiswa kwehlabathi, unxibelelwano phakathi kwamazwe luya lusondela ngakumbi. Ngaphantsi kwendawo ezolileyo, ubudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe abukho lula njengoko bubonakala. Bayasebenzisana kwaye bayakhuphisana.
Kule meko, imfazwe ayiseyondlela ilungileyo yokucombulula ukungavisisani neengxabano phakathi kwamazwe. Kwiimeko ezininzi, amanye amazwe abandakanyeka kwiimfazwe ezingabonakaliyo namanye amazwe ngokukhawulela ukuthunyelwa kwemithombo ethile okanye ukuphumeza imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho ngeendlela zoqoqosho ukuze bafezekise iinjongo zabo.
Ngoko ke, ukulawula oovimba kuthetha ukulawula inqanaba elithile lenyathelo, kwaye okukhona kubaluleke ngakumbi kwaye kungenakubuyiselwa izibonelelo ezikhoyo, kokukhona liya lisiba likhulu inyathelo. Namhlanje,umhlaba onqabileyosesinye sezixhobo ezibalulekileyo zobuchule emhlabeni, kwaye iChina ikwalelolizwe elinqabileyo lomhlaba.
Xa iUnited States yayifuna ukungenisa umhlaba onqabileyo ukusuka eMongolia, yayifuna ukujoyina ngokufihlakeleyo imikhosi yaseMongolia ukuze idlule eTshayina, kodwa iMongolia yafuna ukuba "ithethathethane neTshayina". Kwenzeka ntoni kanye kanye?
Njengevithamini yemveliso, ebizwa ngokuba "umhlaba onqabileyo” ayilogama lemithombo ethile yezimbiwa ezifana “namalahle”, “intsimbi”, “ubhedu”, kodwa ligama eliqhelekileyo leeminerali ezineempawu ezifanayo. Esona siqalelo sinqabileyo somhlaba iyttrium singalandwa emva ngeminyaka yoo-1700s. Into yokugqibela, i-promethium, ikhona ixesha elide, kodwa bekungekho ngo-1945 ukuba i-promethium yafunyanwa nge-fission yenyukliya ye-uranium. Kuze kube yi-1972, i-promethium yendalo yafunyanwa kwi-uranium.
Imvelaphi yegama "umhlaba onqabileyo”eneneni inxulumene nemida yetekhnoloji ngelo xesha. I-elementi yomhlaba enqabileyo inobudlelwane obuphezulu be-oksijini, kulula ukuyikhupha, kwaye ayinyibiliki xa ingena emanzini, into efana neempawu zomhlaba. Ukongezelela, ngenxa yokusikelwa umda kwenzululwazi nobuchwepheshe ngelo xesha, kwakunzima ukubona indawo yezimbiwa zomhlaba ezinqabileyo nokucoca izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezifunyenweyo. Ngoko ke, abaphandi bachitha iminyaka engaphezu kwama-200 beqokelela izinto ezili-17.
Kungenxa yokuba umhlaba onqabileyo unazo ezi "xabiso" kunye "nomhlaba onjengomhlaba" ezibizwa ngokuba "ngumhlaba onqabileyo" kumazwe angaphandle kwaye ziguqulelwe ngokuthi "umhlaba onqabileyo" eChina. Enyanisweni, nangona ukuveliswa kwento ebizwaizinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyozilinganiselwe, ziphenjelelwa ikakhulu yitekhnoloji yokwembiwa kwemigodi kunye nokusulungekiswa, kwaye zinokungabikho nje ngemiyinge emincinci eMhlabeni. Kule mihla, xa kuchazwa ubuninzi bezinto zendalo, ingcamango "yobuninzi" isetyenziswa ngokubanzi.
Ceriumyiinto yomhlaba enqabileyoleyo yenza i-0.0046% ye-Earth's crust, ibeka indawo yama-25, ilandelwa lubhedu kwi-0.01%. Nangona incinci, xa kujongwa uMhlaba wonke, le yimali eninzi. Igama elithi umhlaba onqabileyo liqulethe izinto ezili-17, ezinokwahlulwa zibe ukukhanya, okuphakathi, kunye nezinto ezinzima ngokusekelwe kwiindidi zazo. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeimihlaba enqabileyozineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa kunye namaxabiso.
Ukukhanya komhlaba onqabileyoInika ingxelo ngomlinganiselo omkhulu womxholo womhlaba onqabileyo uwonke kwaye zisetyenziswa ikakhulu kwizinto ezisebenzayo kunye nosetyenziso lwetheminali. Phakathi kwabo, utyalo-mali lophuhliso kwizinto eziphathekayo zemagneti zenza i-42%, kunye nesantya esinamandla. Ixabiso lemihlaba enqabileyo yokukhanya liphantsi.Umhlaba onzima onqabileyodlala indima ebalulekileyo kumasimi angenakubuyiselwa afana nomkhosi kunye ne-aerospace. Oku kunokwenza umtsi osemgangathweni kwimveliso yezixhobo kunye noomatshini, ngozinzo olungcono kunye nokuqina. Okwangoku, akukho zixhobo ezinokuthatha indawo yezi zinto zinqabileyo zomhlaba, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zibiza kakhulu. Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kwizithuthi zamandla amatsha kunokuphucula izinga lokuguqulwa kwamandla esithuthi kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ukusebenzisa i-East Rare Earth imathiriyeli yokuvelisa amandla omoya kunokwandisa ubomi beejenereyitha, kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle koguqulo ukusuka kumandla omoya ukuya kumbane, kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokugcina izixhobo. Ukuba izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zisetyenziswa njengezixhobo, uluhlu lohlaselo lwesixhobo luya kwanda kwaye ukhuseleko lwaso luya kuphucula.
I-American m1a1 Main tanki yedabi yongezwa ngeizinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyoinokumelana ngaphezu kwe-70% yempembelelo kuneetanki eziqhelekileyo, kwaye umgama ojoliswe kuyo uphindwe kabini, uphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kokulwa. Ke ngoko, umhlaba onqabileyo zizixhobo zobuchule eziyimfuneko kwimveliso kunye neenjongo zomkhosi.
Ngenxa yazo zonke ezi zinto, okukhona ilizwe linezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, kokukhona lingcono. Ngoko ke, nokuba iUnited States ineetoni ezisisi-1.8 sezigidi zobuncwane bomhlaba obunqabileyo, isakhetha ukungenisa elizweni. Esinye isizathu esibalulekileyo kukuba ukombiwa kwezimbiwa zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kunokubangela ungcoliseko olumandla lwendalo esingqongileyo.
Iiiminerali zomhlaba ezinqabileyoimigodi idla ngokucokiswa ngokusabela ngezinyibilikisi zemichiza ephilayo okanye ukunyibilikiswa kobushushu obuphezulu. Ngethuba le nkqubo, ubuninzi begesi yokukhupha kunye namanzi amdaka aya kuveliswa. Ukuba ayiphathwa kakuhle, umxholo we-fluoride kumanzi ajikelezileyo uya kudlula umgangatho, ubeka ingozi enkulu kwimpilo kunye nokufa kwabahlali.
Ukusukela okoimihlaba enqabileyozixabiseke kakhulu, kutheni ungavaleli ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe? Enyanisweni, le yingcamango engekho ngqiqweni. I-China ityebile kubutyebi bomhlaba obunqabileyo, ibekwe kwindawo yokuqala emhlabeni, kodwa ayilogunya lodwa. Ukwalela ukuthumela ngaphandle akuyisombululi ngokupheleleyo ingxaki.
Amanye amazwe nawo anesixa esikhulu soovimba bomhlaba onqabileyo kwaye afuna ngenkuthalo ezinye izibonelelo ezithatha indawo yazo, ngoko ayisosisombululo sexesha elide. Ukongeza, isitayile sethu sesenzo sihlala sizibophelele kuphuhliso oluqhelekileyo lwamazwe onke, ukuthintela ukuthunyelwa kwemithombo yomhlaba enqabileyo kunye neenzuzo ezizimeleyo, ezingeyondlela yethu yaseTshayina.
Ixesha lokuposa: May-19-2023