Ukusetyenziswa kweUmhlaba onqabileyokwiiMathiriyeli ezidityanisiweyo
Izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zinesakhiwo se-elektroniki se-4f esisodwa, umzuzu omkhulu wemagnethi yeathom, ukudibanisa okuqinileyo kunye nezinye iimpawu. Xa kusenziwa ii-complexes kunye nezinye izinto, inani labo lokulungelelanisa lingahluka ukusuka kwi-6 ukuya kwi-12. Iingqungquthela zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zineentlobo ezahlukeneyo zekristale. Iimpawu ezikhethekileyo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zibenza ukuba basetyenziswe ngokubanzi ekunyibilikiseni isinyithi esikumgangatho ophezulu kunye nesinyithi esingenawo i-ferrous, iglasi ekhethekileyo kunye neekeramics ezisebenza kakhulu, izixhobo zemagnethi ezisisigxina, izinto zokugcina i-hydrogen, i-luminescent kunye ne-laser, izixhobo zenyukliya. , kunye neminye imimandla. Ngophuhliso oluqhubekayo lwezixhobo ezidibeneyo, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba onqabileyo kuye kwandiswe kwintsimi yezinto ezidibeneyo, ukutsala ingqalelo ebanzi ekuphuculeni iipropati ze-interface phakathi kwezinto ezihlukeneyo.
Iifom zesicelo eziphambili zomhlaba onqabileyo ekulungisweni kwezinto ezidibeneyo ziquka: ① ukongezaiintsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyoukudibanisa izinto; ② Yongeza ngohlobo lweiioksidi zomhlaba ezinqabileyokwizinto ezidibeneyo; ③ Iipolymers ezidityanisiweyo okanye ezibotshelelwe ngeentsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kwiipholima zisetyenziswa njengemathiriyeli yematrix kwizinto ezidibeneyo. Phakathi kwezi ntlobo zintathu zingasentla zokusetyenziswa komhlaba onqabileyo, iifom ezimbini zokuqala zongezwa ubukhulu becala kwi-metal matrix composite, ngelixa eyesithathu isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwi-polymer matrix composite, kunye ne-ceramic matrix composite yongezwa ikakhulu kwifom yesibini.
Umhlaba onqabileyoIsebenza ikakhulu kwi-metal matrix kunye ne-ceramic matrix composite ngohlobo lwezongezelelo, izizinzi, kunye nezongezelelo ze-sintering, ziphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kwazo, ukunciphisa iindleko zemveliso, kunye nokwenza usetyenziso lwayo lwemizi-mveliso lube nokwenzeka.
Ukongezwa kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba njengezongezo kwizinto ezidibeneyo zidlala indima enkulu ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kwe-interface yezinto ezidibeneyo kunye nokukhuthaza ukucocwa kweenkozo ze-matrix zetsimbi. Indlela yokusebenza ngolu hlobo lulandelayo.
① Ukuphucula ukumanzi phakathi kwe-matrix yentsimbi kunye nesigaba sokuqinisa. I-electronegativity yeziqalelo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo iphantsi ngokwentelekiso (incinci i-electronegativity yesinyithi, kokukhona isebenza ngakumbi i-electronegativity ye-nonmetals). Umzekelo, uLa ngu-1.1, u-Ce ngu-1.12, kunye no-Y ngu-1.22. I-electronegativity ye-metal base yesiqhelo i-Fe yi-1.83, i-Ni yi-1.91, kunye ne-Al yi-1.61. Ke ngoko, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ziya kukhethwa ngokukhethekileyo kwimida yengqolowa ye-matrix yesinyithi kunye nenqanaba lokomeleza ngexesha lenkqubo yokunyibilikisa, ukunciphisa amandla onxibelelwano lwazo, ukwandisa umsebenzi wokuncamathela we-interface, ukunciphisa i-angle yokumanzisa, kwaye ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe ukumanzi phakathi kwe-matrix. kunye nesigaba sokuqinisa. Uphando lubonise ukuba ukongezwa kwe-La element kwi-matrix ye-aluminiyam kuphucula ngokufanelekileyo ukumanzi kwe-AlO kunye nolwelo lwe-aluminium, kunye nokuphucula i-microstructure yezinto ezidibeneyo.
② Ukukhuthaza ukucokiswa kweenkozo ze-matrix zetsimbi. Ukunyibilika komhlaba onqabileyo kwikristale yentsimbi kuncinci, kuba iradiyasi yeathomu yezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba inkulu, kwaye iradiyasi yeathom yematrix yesinyithi incinci. Ukungena kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezineradiyasi enkulu kwileti ye-matrix kuya kubangela ukugqwetheka kwelathisi, okuya kwandisa amandla enkqubo. Ukugcina awona mandla asezantsi asimahla, iiathom zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zinokutyebisa kuphela kwimida yengqolowa engaqhelekanga, ethi ithintele ukukhula kwasimahla kweenkozo zematrix. Kwangaxeshanye, izinto ezityetyisiweyo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ziyakubhengeza ezinye izinto zealloyi, zinyusa igradient yoxinaniso lwezinto zealloy, zibangela ukupholisa kwecandelo lendawo, kunye nokuphucula isiphumo senucleation engafaniyo yolwelo lwematrix. Ukongeza, i-undercooling ebangelwa ulwahlulo lwe-elemental inokukhuthaza ukubunjwa kwee-compounds ezihlukeneyo kwaye ibe yi-particle heterogeneous nucleation particles, ngaloo ndlela ikhuthaza ukucocwa kweenkozo ze-matrix zetsimbi.
③ Hlambulula imida yeenkozo. Ngenxa yobudlelwane obuqinileyo phakathi kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kunye nezakhi ezifana ne-O, S, P, N, njl., umgangatho wamandla wamahhala wokubunjwa kwee-oxides, i-sulfides, i-phosphides, kunye ne-nitrides iphantsi. Ezi zixhobo zinezinga eliphezulu lokunyibilika kunye noxinzelelo oluphantsi, ezinye zazo zinokuthi zisuswe ngokujikeleza phezulu kwi-alloy liquid, ngelixa ezinye zisasazwa ngokulinganayo ngaphakathi kweenkozo, ukunciphisa ukuhlukana kokungcola kumda wengqolowa, ngaloo ndlela kuhlanjululwa umda wengqolowa kwaye ukuphucula amandla ayo.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba, ngenxa yomsebenzi ophezulu kunye neqondo eliphantsi lokunyibilika kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, xa zongezwa kwi-metal matrix composite, ukudibanisa kwabo ne-oksijini kufuneka kulawulwe ngokukodwa ngexesha lokudibanisa.
Inani elikhulu lezenzo libonise ukuba ukongeza iioksidi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo njengezizinzisi, i-sintering aids, kunye ne-doping modifiers kwi-matrix yentsimbi eyahlukeneyo kunye ne-ceramic matrix composite inokuphucula kakhulu amandla kunye nokuqina kwezixhobo, ukunciphisa ubushushu bazo, kwaye ngaloo ndlela ukunciphisa iindleko zemveliso. Indlela ephambili yesenzo sayo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo.
① Njengokongeza kwi-sintering, inokukhuthaza i-sintering kunye nokunciphisa i-porosity kwizinto ezidibeneyo. Ukongezwa kwezongezo ze-sintering kukuvelisa isigaba solwelo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, ukunciphisa ubushushu be-sintering bezinto ezidibeneyo, ukuthintela ukubola kobushushu obuphezulu bezinto ngexesha lenkqubo ye-sintering, kunye nokufumana izinto ezixubileyo ezidibeneyo ngokusebenzisa i-liquid phase sintering. Ngenxa yozinzo oluphezulu, ubuthathaka obuphezulu bokushisa, kunye nokunyibilika okuphezulu kunye namanqaku abilayo e-oxides yomhlaba enqabileyo, banokwenza izigaba zeglasi kunye nezinye izinto eziluhlaza kunye nokukhuthaza i-sintering, ibenze ibe yinto edibeneyo yokudibanisa. Kwangelo xesha, i-oxide yomhlaba enqabileyo inokwenza isisombululo esomeleleyo kunye ne-ceramic matrix, enokuvelisa iziphene zekristale ngaphakathi, isebenze i-lattice kwaye ikhuthaze ukuntywila.
② Phucula i-microstructure kwaye usulunge ubungakanani beenkozo. Ngenxa yokuba ezongezelelweyo iioksidi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zikho ikakhulu kwimida yengqolowa ye-matrix, kwaye ngenxa yomthamo wazo omkhulu, ii-oksidi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zinokumelana okuphezulu kokufuduka kwisakhiwo, kwaye zithintela ukufuduka kwezinye ii-ion, ngaloo ndlela zinciphisa izinga lokufuduka kwemida yeenkozo, inqanda ukukhula kweenkozo, kunye nokuthintela ukukhula okungaqhelekanga kweenkozo ngexesha lobushushu obuphezulu be-sintering. Bangakwazi ukufumana iinkozo ezincinci kunye nezifanayo, ezilungele ukubunjwa kwezakhiwo ezixineneyo; Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokufaka i-doping oxides yomhlaba enqabileyo, bangena kwinqanaba leglasi lomda wengqolowa, baphucula amandla esigaba seglasi kwaye ngaloo ndlela bafezekise injongo yokuphucula iimpawu zomatshini zezinto.
Izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kwiicomposites ze-polymer matrix zibachaphazela kakhulu ngokuphucula iimpawu zepolymer matrix. Iioksidi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zinokunyusa iqondo lobushushu lokubola kweepholima, ngelixa ii-carboxylates zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zinokuphucula uzinzo lwe-thermal ye-polyvinyl chloride. I-doping polystyrene eneekhompawundi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo inokuphucula ukuzinza kwepolystyrene kwaye yandise kakhulu amandla ayo empembelelo kunye namandla okugoba.
Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-26-2023