1、 Inkcazelo yeMathiriyeli yeNyukliya
Kwingqiqo ebanzi, imathiriyeli yenyukliya ligama eliqhelekileyo lezinto ezisetyenziswa ngokukodwa kushishino lwenyukliya nophando lwenzululwazi yenyukliya, kubandakanywa amafutha enyukliya kunye nemathiriyeli yobunjineli benyukliya, okt imathiriyeli engeyiyo inyukliya yamafutha.
Izinto eziqhele ukubhekiswa kwizixhobo zenyukliya ikakhulu zibhekisa kwimathiriyeli esetyenziswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zereactor, ekwaziwa njengemathiriyeli yereactor. Imathiriyeli ye-reactor iquka amafutha enyukliya athi atyhutyhe inyutroni phantsi kwebhombu yenyutroni, imathiriyeli yokugquma yamalungu enutroni yamafutha enyukliya, izinto zokupholisa, iimodareyitha zeneutron (iimodareyitha), izixhobo zokulawula intonga ezifunxa ngamandla iinutroni, kunye nemathiriyeli ekhanyayo ethintela ukuvuza kwenyutroni ngaphandle kwereactor.
2, Ubudlelwane obunxulumeneyo phakathi kobutyebi bomhlaba obunqabileyo kunye nezixhobo zenyukliya
I-Monazite, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-phosphocerite kunye ne-phosphocerite, iyindawo eqhelekileyo yeeminerali kwi-acid ephakathi igneous rock kunye nelitye le-metamorphic. IMonazite yenye yeeminerali eziphambili zentsimbi enqabileyo yomhlaba, kwaye ikhona nakwelinye iliwa lentlenga. I-Brown ebomvu, etyheli, ngamanye amaxesha i-brownish yellow, kunye ne-luster enamafutha, i-cleavage epheleleyo, ubunzima be-Mohs ye-5-5.5, kunye nobunzima obuthile be-4.9-5.5.
Iminerali engundoqo yolunye uhlobo lwe-placer idiphozithi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo e-China yi-monazite, ikakhulu ibekwe e-Tongcheng, e-Hubei, e-Yueyang, e-Hunan, e-Shangrao, e-Jiangxi, e-Menghai, e-Yunnan, nase-He County, e-Guangxi. Nangona kunjalo, ukutsalwa kohlobo lwe-placer ubutyebi bomhlaba obunqabileyo kaninzi alubalulekanga ngokwezoqoqosho. Amatye odwa ahlala equlathe izinto ze-thorium eziguqukayo kwaye zikwangowona mthombo uphambili weplutonium yorhwebo.
3、 Isishwankathelo sosetyenziso lomhlaba olunqabileyo kumxube wenyukliya kunye nokuqhekeka kwenyukliya okusekwe kuhlalutyo lwepatent panorama
Emva kokuba amagama angundoqo ezinto ezinqabileyo zokukhangela umhlaba andiwe ngokupheleleyo, adityaniswa nezitshixo zokwandisa kunye namanani okuhlelwa kwe-fission yenyukliya kunye ne-nyukliya fusion, kwaye zikhangelwe kwi-database ye-Incopt. Umhla wokukhangela ngumhla wama-24 ka-Agasti 2020. Amalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza angama-4837 afunyenwe emva kokudityaniswa okulula kosapho, kwaye amalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza angama-4673 amiselwa emva kokunciphisa ingxolo eyenziweyo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza emhlabeni kummandla wokuqhekeka kwenyukliya okanye ukudityaniswa kwenyukliya zisasazwa kumazwe/iingingqi ezingama-56, ingakumbi eJapan, eTshayina, eUnited States, eJamani naseRussia, njl. njl. , apho izicelo zeteknoloji ye-patent yaseTshayina ziye zanda, ngakumbi ukususela ngo-2009, zingena kwinqanaba lokukhula ngokukhawuleza, kwaye iJapan, i-United States kunye neRashiya ziye zaqhubeka nokucwangcisa kule ntsimi iminyaka emininzi. (Umfanekiso 1).
Umfanekiso 1 Indlela yokusetyenziswa kwelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza elinxulumene nosetyenziso lomhlaba olunqabileyo kwinyukliya yokuqhekeka kunye nokudityaniswa kwenyukliya kumazwe/kwiingingqi.
Inokubonwa kuhlalutyo lwemixholo yobugcisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa komhlaba onqabileyo kumxube wenyukliya kunye nokuqhekeka kwenyukliya kugxininise kwizinto zamafutha, iiscintillators, i-radiation detectors, ii-actinides, iiplasma, izixhobo zenyukliya, izixhobo ezikhuselayo, ukufunxa inyutroni kunye nolunye ulwalathiso lobugcisa.
4, Ukusetyenziswa okuKhethekileyo kunye noPhando oluPhambili lwePatent yeZiqalelo zoMhlaba eziRare kwiiMathiriyeli zeNyukliya
Phakathi kwazo, ukudityaniswa kwenyukliya kunye nokuqhekeka kwenyukliya kwizixhobo zenyukliya kunamandla, kwaye iimfuno zemathiriyeli zingqongqo. Okwangoku, izixhobo zokuvelisa amandla ngokuyintloko ziziizixhobo zenyukliya zokuqhekeka, kwaye ii-reactors ezidityanisiweyo zinokusasazwa ngomlinganiselo omkhulu emva kweminyaka engama-50. Ukusetyenziswa kweumhlaba onqabileyoizinto kwimathiriyeli yesakhiwo sereactor; Kwiindawo ezithile zeekhemikhali zenyukliya, izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zisetyenziswa ikakhulu kwiintonga zokulawula; Ukwengeza,scandiumiye yasetyenziswa nakwi-radiochemistry nakwishishini lenyukliya.
(1) Njengetyhefu etshayo okanye intonga yokulawula ukulungisa inqanaba le-neutron kunye nemeko ebalulekileyo yereactor yenyukliya.
Kwiireactors zamandla, intsalela yokuphinda isebenze kwakhona kweecores ezintsha iphezulu kakhulu. Ngokukodwa kwizigaba zokuqala zomjikelo wokuqala wokugalela i-refueling, xa zonke izibaso zenyukliya zisembindini zintsha, ukuphinda kusebenze kwakhona kuphezulu. Ngeli xesha, ukuthembela kuphela ekwandeni kweentonga zolawulo ukuhlawulela ukuphinda kusebenze kwakhona kungazisa iinduku zolawulo ezongezelelekileyo. Intonga nganye yokulawula (okanye inyanda yentonga) ihambelana nokuqaliswa kwendlela yokuqhuba eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, oku kwandisa iindleko, kwaye ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuvula imingxuma kwintloko yenqanawa yoxinzelelo kunokukhokelela ekunciphiseni amandla okwakhiwa. Akukona nje ukungabikho kwezoqoqosho, kodwa akuvumelekanga ukuba nenani elithile le-porosity kunye namandla okwakhiwa kwintloko yenqanawa yoxinzelelo. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kokunyuswa kweentonga zokulawula, kuyimfuneko ukwandisa ukuxinwa kweekhemikhali zokuhlawula i-toxins (ezifana ne-boric acid) ukuhlawulela ukuphinda kusebenze. Kule meko, kulula ukuba ugxininiso lwe-boron lugqithise umqobo, kwaye i-coefficient yokushisa yomodareyitha iya kuba yinto enhle.
Ukuphepha ezi ngxaki zikhankanywe ngasentla, indibaniselwano yeetyhefu ezivuthayo, iinduku zokulawula, kunye nolawulo lwembuyekezo yemichiza ngokubanzi zinokusetyenziswa ukulawula.
(2) Njengedopant yokuphucula ukusebenza kwezixhobo zolwakhiwo lwereactor
Iireactors zifuna iinxalenye zesakhiwo kunye ne-fuel element ukuba zibe nenqanaba elithile lamandla, ukuxhathisa ku-corrosion, kunye nozinzo oluphezulu lwe-thermal, ngelixa zikwathintela iimveliso zokuqhekeka ekungeneni kwesipholisi.
1) .Intsimbi yomhlaba enqabileyo
Isixhobo senyukliya sineemeko ezigqithisileyo zomzimba nezekhemikhali, kwaye inxalenye nganye yereactor nayo ineemfuno eziphezulu zentsimbi ekhethekileyo esetyenziswayo. Izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zineempembelelo ezikhethekileyo zokuguqulwa kwentsimbi, ngakumbi kubandakanya ukucocwa, i-metamorphism, i-microalloying, kunye nokuphuculwa kokuxhathisa ukubola. Umhlaba onqabileyo oqulethe iintsimbi nawo usetyenziswa kakhulu kwizixhobo zenyukliya.
① Isiphumo sokucoca: Uphando olukhoyo lubonise ukuba umhlaba onqabileyo unesiphumo esihle sokucoca kwintsimbi etyhidiweyo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Oku kungenxa yokuba umhlaba onqabileyo unokusabela ngezinto ezinobungozi ezifana neoksijini kunye nesalfure kwintsimbi etyhidiweyo ukuvelisa iikhompawundi zobushushu obuphezulu. Izixhobo ezinobushushu obuphezulu zinokuthi zihlanjululwe kwaye zikhutshwe ngendlela yokufakwa phambi kokuba insimbi etyhidiweyo idibanise, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa umxholo wokungcola kwintsimbi etyhidiweyo.
② I-Metamorphism: kwelinye icala, i-oxides, i-sulfides okanye i-oxysulfides eveliswa kukusabela komhlaba onqabileyo kwintsimbi etyhidiweyo enezinto ezinobungozi ezifana ne-oksijini kunye nesulfure inokugcinwa ngokuyinxenye kwintsimbi etyhidiweyo kwaye ibe yintsimbi enendawo ephezulu yokunyibilika. . Ezi zibandakanya zingasetyenziselwa njengamaziko e-nucleation ahlukeneyo ngexesha lokuqiniswa kwensimbi etyhidiweyo, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe ubume kunye nesakhiwo sensimbi.
③ I-Microalloying: ukuba ukongezwa komhlaba onqabileyo kuye kwandiswa ngakumbi, umhlaba onqabileyo oseleyo uya kuchithwa kwintsimbi emva kokuhlanjululwa okungentla kunye ne-metamorphism. Kuba iradiyasi yeathom yomhlaba enqabileyo inkulu kuneathom yentsimbi, umhlaba onqabileyo unomsebenzi ophezulu womphezulu. Ngethuba lenkqubo yokuqinisa intsimbi etyhidiweyo, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zityetyiswa kumda wengqolowa, ezinokuthi zinciphise kangcono ukuhlukana kwezinto ezingcolileyo kumda wengqolowa, ngaloo ndlela ukuqinisa isisombululo esiqinileyo kunye nokudlala indima ye-microalloying. Kwelinye icala, ngenxa yeempawu zokugcina i-hydrogen zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, zinokufunxa i-hydrogen kwintsimbi, ngaloo ndlela iphucula ngempumelelo i-hydrogen embrittlement phenomenon yentsimbi.
④ Ukuphucula ukuxhathisa kwe-corrosion: Ukongezwa kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba nako kunokuphucula ukuxhathisa kwentsimbi. Oku kungenxa yokuba umhlaba onqabileyo unamandla aphezulu wokuzidla kunentsimbi engatyiwayo. Ke ngoko, ukongezwa kwemihlaba enqabileyo kunokonyusa amandla e-self corrosion yensimbi engenasici, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe uzinzo lwentsimbi kwimithombo yeendaba ezonakalisayo.
2). Uphononongo lwePatent engundoqo
Ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza: ukuveliswa kwelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza lokusasazwa kweoksidi yomeleza isinyithi esisezantsi sokusebenza kunye nendlela yokuyilungisa yiZiko leZinyithi, iAkhademi yeSayensi yaseTshayina.
Patent abstract: Kubonelelwe i oxide dispersion yomelezwa intsimbi esezantsi kusebenze ilungele ireactors fusion kunye nendlela yayo yokulungiselela, ephawulwe ukuba ipesenti yezinto zengxubevange kubunzima bubonke bentsimbi ephantsi yokuvula yile: matrix yiFe, 0.08% ≤ C ≤ 0.15%, 8.0% ≤ Cr ≤ 10.0%, 1.1% ≤ W ≤ 1.55%, 0.1% ≤ V ≤ 0.3%, 0.03% ≤ Ta ≤ 0.2%, 0.1 ≤ Mn ≤ 0.6%, kunye ne-0.05% ≤ Y2O3 ≤%.
Inkqubo yokuvelisa: i-Fe-Cr-WV-Ta-Mn yokunyibilikiswa kwe-alloy yomama, i-atomization engumgubo, ukugaya ibhola ephezulu ye-alloy yomama kunyeY2O3 nanoparticleumgubo oxutyiweyo, ukutsalwa komgubo ogqumayo, ukubumba ukuqina, ukuqengqeleka okushushu, kunye nonyango lobushushu.
Indlela yokongeza umhlaba onqabileyo: Yongeza i-nanoscaleY2O3amasuntswana kumzali ingxubevange engumgubo atomized for high-eneji ibhola lokusila, kunye nebhola yokusila medium ibe Φ 6 kunye Φ 10 iibhola zentsimbi eqinileyo exubeneyo, kunye nomoya wokusila webhola we-99.99% wegesi yeargon, umlinganiselo wobunzima bebhola (8- 10): 1, ixesha lokugaya ibhola kwiiyure ezingama-40-70, kunye nesantya sokujikeleza kwe350-500 r/min.
3）.Isetyenziselwa ukwenza izixhobo zokukhusela i-neutron radiation
① Umgaqo wokhuseleko lwemitha ye-neutron
Neutron amacandelo nuclei atomic, kunye nobunzima static 1.675 × 10-27kg, nto leyo 1838 amaxesha ubunzima electronic. I-radius yayo imalunga ne-0.8 × 10-15m, efana nobukhulu beproton, efana ne-γ Imisebe ayihlawuliswa ngokulinganayo. Xa ii-neutrons zinxibelelana nezinto, ikakhulu zisebenzisana namandla enyukliya ngaphakathi kwi-nucleus, kwaye musa ukusebenzisana nee-electron kwiqokobhe langaphandle.
Ngophuhliso olukhawulezayo lwamandla enyukliya kunye nobuchwepheshe besixhobo senyukliya, ingqwalasela ethe chatha iye yanikwa ukhuseleko lokusasazeka kwemitha yenyukliya kunye nokhuseleko lwemitha yenyukliya. Ukuze komelezwe ukukhuselwa kwemitha kubaqhubi abaye babandakanyeka ekugcinweni kwezixhobo ze-radiation kunye nokuhlangula kwingozi ixesha elide, kubaluleke kakhulu kwisayensi kunye nexabiso lezoqoqosho ukuphuhlisa i-composites ekhuselayo elula kwimpahla yokukhusela. Imitha ye-neutron yeyona ndawo ibalulekileyo kwimitha yesixhobo senyukliya. Ngokubanzi, uninzi lweeneutron ezinxibelelana ngokuthe ngqo nabantu ziye zathotywa ukuya kwiineutron zamandla aphantsi emva kwesiphumo sokhuselo lweneutron lwemathiriyeli yesakhiwo ngaphakathi kwereactor yenyukliya. I-neutrons zamandla aphantsi ziya kungqubana kunye ne-nuclei enenani le-athomu esezantsi enwebekayo kwaye iqhubeke nokumodareyithwa. I-neutron emodareyithiweyo ye-thermal iya kutsalwa zizinto ezinamacandelo amakhulu e-neutron absorption cross, kwaye ekugqibeleni ukukhuselwa kwe-neutron kuya kufezekiswa.
② Uphononongo lwePatent engundoqo
Iipropati ze-porous kunye ne-organic-inorganic hybrid yeinto yomhlaba enqabileyogadoliniumizinto ezisekelwe kwisinyithi se-organic skeleton kwandisa ukuhambelana kwazo kunye ne-polyethylene, ukukhuthaza izinto ezidibeneyo ezidibeneyo ukuba zibe nomxholo ophezulu we-gadolinium kunye ne-gadolinium dispersion. Umxholo ophezulu we-gadolinium kunye nokusabalalisa kuya kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza kwe-neutron yokukhusela izinto ezidibeneyo.
Ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza: iHefei Institute of Material Science, iAcademy yaseTshayina yeSayensi, i-patent yokwenziwa kwe-gadolinium esekelwe kwisakhelo se-organic composite shielding material kunye nendlela yokuyilungisa.
I-Patent Abstract: I-Gadolinium esekwe kwisinyithi esekwe kwi-organic skeleton skeleton composite shielding material yimathiriyeli edityanisiweyo eyenziwe ngokuxutywa.gadoliniumisiseko sesinyithi se-organic skeleton material ene-polyethylene kumlinganiselo wobunzima be-2:1:10 kunye nokuwenza ngokunyuka kwe-solvent evaporation okanye ukucinezela okushushu. I-Gadolinium esekwe kwintsimbi ye-organic skeleton skeleton composite shielding materials inozinzo oluphezulu lwe-thermal kunye ne-thermal neutron shielding.
Inkqubo yokuvelisa: ukukhetha okwahlukileyointsimbi ye-gadoliniumiityuwa kunye ne-organic ligands ukulungiselela kunye nokudibanisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-gadolinium esekelwe kwi-metal organic skeleton materials, ukuzihlamba ngeemolekyuli ezincinci ze-methanol, i-ethanol, okanye amanzi nge-centrifugation, kwaye zisebenze kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu phantsi kweemeko ze-vacuum ukususa ngokupheleleyo izinto ezishiyekileyo ezingaphendulwanga. kwimibhobho ye-gadolinium esekelwe kwi-metal organic skeleton materials; I-gadolinium esekelwe kwi-organometallic skeleton material elungiselelwe kwinqanaba ixutywe nge-polyethylene lotion kwisantya esiphezulu, okanye i-ultrasonically, okanye i-gadolinium esekelwe kwi-organometallic skeleton impahla elungiselelwe kwinqanaba iyancibilika idibene ne-ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene kwiqondo lokushisa eliphakamileyo de lixutywe ngokupheleleyo; Beka i-gadolinium edibeneyo edibeneyo esekelwe kwi-metal organic skeleton material / i-polyethylene umxube kwi-mold, kwaye ufumane i-gadolinium esekelwe kwi-metal organic skeleton composite shielding material ngokomisa ukukhuthaza ukunyuka kwe-solvent okanye ukucinezela okushushu; I-gadolinium elungisiweyo esekwe kwi-metal organic skeleton composite shielding material iphucule kakhulu ukumelana nobushushu, iipropathi ezinomatshini, kunye nobuchule bokukhusela obuphezulu be-neutron xa kuthelekiswa nezinto ezicocekileyo ze-polyethylene.
Imowudi yokongeza umhlaba onqabileyo: Gd2 (BHC) (H2O) 6, Gd (BTC) (H2O) 4 okanye Gd (BDC) 1.5 (H2O) 2 i-porous crystalline coordination polymer equlethe i-gadolinium, efunyanwa ngolungelelwaniso lwepolymerizationGd (NO3) 3 • 6H2O okanye GdCl3 • 6H2Okunye ne-organic carboxylate ligand; Ubungakanani be-gadolinium esekwe kwi-metal organic skeleton material yi-50nm-2 μm; I-Gadolinium esekwe kwi-metal organic skeleton materials have different morphologies, kubandakanywa i-granular, i-shaped-shaped, okanye iimilo zenaliti.
(4) Ukusetyenziswa kweScandiumkwiRadiochemistry nakwishishini lenyukliya
Intsimbi yeScandium inozinzo olululo lwe-thermal kunye nokusebenza okuqinileyo kokufunxa i-fluorine, iyenza ibe yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kwishishini lamandla eathom.
Ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza: I-China yoPhuhliso lwe-Aerospace i-Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, i-patent yokuqanjwa kwe-aluminium zinc magnesium scandium alloy kunye nendlela yokuyilungisa
I-patent abstract: I-zinc ye-aluminiyami-magnesium scandium alloykunye nendlela yokulungiselela. Ukwakhiwa kweekhemikhali kunye nepesenti yobunzima be-aluminium zinc magnesium scandium alloy are: Mg 1.0% -2.4%, Zn 3.5% -5.5%, Sc 0.04% -0.50%, Zr 0.04% -0.35%, ukungcola Cu ≤ 0.2%, Si ≤ 0.35%, Fe ≤ 0.4%, enye ukungcola okukodwa ≤ 0.05%, ezinye izinto ezingcolileyo zizonke ≤ 0.15%, kunye nemali eseleyo yi-Al. I-microstructure yale aluminium zinc magnesium scandium alloy material ifana kwaye ukusebenza kwayo kuzinzile, inamandla okugqibela angaphezulu kwe-400MPa, amandla esivuno angaphezulu kwe-350MPa, kunye namandla angaphezulu kwe-370MPa kumalungu adityanisiweyo. Iimveliso zemathiriyeli zinokusetyenziswa njengezinto zolwakhiwo kwi-aerospace, ishishini lenyukliya, ezothutho, iimpahla zemidlalo, izixhobo kunye namanye amabala.
Inkqubo yokuvelisa: Inyathelo 1, isithako ngokwendlela yokubunjwa kwe-alloy engentla; Inyathelo lesi-2: Nyibilika kwiziko lokunyibilikisa kubushushu obungama-700 ℃~780 ℃; Inyathelo lesi-3: Cokisa ulwelo lwesinyithi olunyibilike ngokupheleleyo, kwaye ugcine ubushushu bentsimbi ngaphakathi koluhlu lwe-700 ℃ ~ 750 ℃ ngexesha lokusulungekiswa; Inyathelo lesi-4: Emva kokusulungekiswa, kufuneka ivunyelwe ngokupheleleyo ukuba ime ngxi; Inyathelo lesi-5: Emva kokuma ngokupheleleyo, qalisa ukuphosa, gcina ukushisa kwesithando somlilo ngaphakathi koluhlu lwe-690 ℃ ~ 730 ℃, kunye nesantya sokuphosa yi-15-200mm / ngomzuzu; Inyathelo lesi-6: Yenza unyango lwe-homogenization annealing kwi-alloy ingot kwisithando sokufudumala, kunye nokushisa kwe-homogenization ye-400 ℃ ~ 470 ℃; Inyathelo lesi-7: Peel i-ingot ye-homogenized kwaye wenze i-extrusion eshushu ukuvelisa iiprofayili ezinodonga olungaphezulu kwe-2.0mm. Ngethuba lenkqubo yokukhupha, i-billet kufuneka igcinwe kwiqondo lokushisa lika-350 ℃ ukuya kwi-410 ℃; Inyathelo lesi-8: Cofa iprofayili yonyango lokucima isisombululo, kunye nobushushu besisombululo se-460-480 ℃; Inyathelo le-9: Emva kweeyure ezingama-72 zesisombululo esiluqilima sokucinywa, nyanzela ukuguga ngesandla. I-manual force aging system yile: 90~110 ℃/24 iiyure+170~180 ℃/5 iiyure, okanye 90~110 ℃/24 iiyure+145~155 ℃/10 iiyure.
5. IsiShwankathelo soPhando
Lilonke, umhlaba onqabileyo usetyenziswa kakhulu kumxube wenyukliya kunye nokuqhekeka kwenyukliya, kwaye uneendlela ezininzi zoyilo lwamalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza kwiindlela zobuchwephesha ezifana novuselelo lweX-reyi, ukwakheka kweplasma, ireactor yamanzi alula, itransuranium, iuranyl kunye nomgubo weoxide. Ngokuphathelele imathiriyeli ye-reactor, umhlaba onqabileyo unokusetyenziswa njengezinto zolwakhiwo lwe-reactor kunye nemathiriyeli yokugquma i-ceramic ehambelanayo, imathiriyeli yokulawula kunye nemathiriyeli yokhuselo lwemitha ye-neutron.
Ixesha lokuposa: May-26-2023